신경내분비종양

Neuroendocrine Tumors

Article information

Korean J Med. 2013;85(4):354-356
Publication date (electronic) : 2013 October 1
doi : https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2013.85.4.354
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
박영석
성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 혈액종양내과
Correspondence to Young Suk Park, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea Tel: +82-2-3410-3454, Fax: +82-2-3410-1754, E-mail: pys27hmo@skku.edu

Trans Abstract

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare. However, several data showed the incidence is increased in the past 30 years. NETs can be both functional and non‐functional, and may be undetected for years without obvious signs or symptoms. NET are classified as G1 (carcinoid), G2, G3 (large cell or small cell type), mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC), hyperplastic and preneoplastic lesions according to WHO classification 2010. NETs are often advanced at the time of diagnosis and is a progressive disease. Outcomes in patients with locally inoperable or metastatic NETs are poor, survival is also associated with tumor grade. Diagnosing NETs is the systematic approach. History taking and physical examiantion are essential and biochemical markers are useful. Imaging studies, somatostatin‐receptor scintigraphy (Octreoscan™), CT scan, MRI and/or PET scan can be used. Somatostatin receptor analogues showed symptomatic, biochemical and disease control. Targeted agents such as everolimus and sunitinib also showed benefit for advanced pancreatic NETs. Other treatments including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), hepatic regional therapy for liver metastases (arterial embolization, chemoembolization), or ablative therapy can be used. Chemotherapy, such as streptozotocin, 5‐fluorouracil, doxorubicin, dacarbazin, etoposide, cisplatin, temozolomide, capecitabine is another option for the treatment of NETs. In conclusion, NETs are no longer rare disease. If we raise the index of suspicion for NETs, we can detect these tumors as earlier as possible. Local treatment is unique option for cure in earlier stage. The treatment for patients with advanced NETs, symptom and disease control is important with multidisciplinary team approaches. (Korean J Med 2013;85:354-356)

서 론

신경내분비종양(Neuroendocrine tumors, NET)은 흔한 종양은 아니다. 그러나 최근 미국의 30년 자료를 보면 발생률이 증가하고 있으며 국내에서도 같은 추세임을 알 수 있다. 신경내분비종양은 예전에는 carcinoid tumors로 불리기도 하였다. 발생학적으로 foregut tumors (respiratory tract, thymus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas), midgut tumors (small bowel, appendix, ascending colon)와 hindgut tumors (transverse colon, descending colon, rectum)로 나눌 수 있다(Fig. 1) [1-4].

Figure 1.

Classification of Neuroendocrine tumors, depending on their embryonic origin.

신경내분비종양은 증상이 있느냐 없느냐에 따라 functional tumors와 non-functional tumors로 나뉜다. 신경내분비종양이 만들어 내는 단백질에 의해 증상이 나타난다. 증상은 매우 다양하여 수년간 다른 질환으로 오진되어 치료를 받는 경우가 흔하다. 안면홍조, 설사, 간헐적인 복통, 천식, 장출혈 등의 증상이 올 수 있다[1-3].

신경내분비종양의 확진은 병리조직학적 검사가 필수적이며 특히 종양의 mitotic count (10 high power field)와 Ki-67 index (%)에 의해 NET G1, NET G2, NET G3 (large cell or small cell type), mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC), hyperplastic and preneoplastic lesions 등으로 분류된다(WHO classification 2010, Tables 1, 2) [1,2].

WHO classification 2010

ENET/AJCC grading system

신경내분비종양의 임상적인 진단은 문진과 신체 검사가 필수적이며 serum chromogranin A (CgA), urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), synaptophysin과 필요하면 glucagon, gastrin과 같은 biochemical markers가 유용하다. 영상학적 검사로는 somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy (Octreoscan™), CT scan, MRI, PET scan 등을 사용한다. 체계적인 진단 시 고려해야 할 사항은 표 3과 같다[5-7].

Classifications of NET

신경내분비종양은 진단 당시에 이미 진행된 경우가 흔하다. 국소적으로 진행하였거나 원격 전이가 있어 근치적 절제가 불가능한 경우 생존기간은 6개월로 불량한 예후를 보인다. 종양이 발생한 부위에서 종괴 자체에 의한 증상(vague abdominal symptoms, bowel obstruction, jaundice due to bile duct obstruction)을 보일 수 있으며 functional tumors인 carcinoid syndrome을 보일 수 있으나 이는 대부분 간전이가 있는 경우에 나타난다. Carcinoid syndrome은 serotonin, histamine, or tachykinins과 같은 vasoactive peptides의 분비에 의해 간헐적인 홍조, 천식, 설사 등을 일으키며 carcinoid heart disease로 진행하기도 한다[6-9].

치료는 근치적인 절제이다. 전이가 있더라도 적극적인 절제를 고려한다. 그러나 수술이 불가능한 경우에는 다양한 치료법을 고려한다. Somatostatin 수용체는 신경내분비종양세포에서 과발현되며 이를 표적으로 하는 치료제는 증상조절과 항종양효과를 보인다. Somatostatin analogues (octreotide)가 대표적인 약제이며 lanreotide, pasireotide 등도 사용한다. Interferon-α 단독 혹은 somatostatin analogues와의 병용도 효과적일 수 있다. 새로운 표적치료제인 mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)에 대한 oral inhibitor인 everolimus, multitarget inhibitor인 sunitinib은 췌장에서 발생한 신경내분비종양에서 효과가 최근 입증되었다. 항암화학요법은 G2 foregut NET, G3 경우 추천된다. Transarterial embolization/chemoembolization, liver-directed therapy with radiolabeled particles 등은 간전이가 주 병변이면서 증상조절이 힘든 functional 신경내분비종양에서 시도해 볼 수 있다[10-12].

결론적으로 신경내분비종양은 다양한 임상양상을 갖는 종양으로서 병의 진행 속도도 다양하다. 가능한 조기에 임상 및 병리학적 분류에 따라 진단하는 것이 필수적이며 근치적 절제를 우선적으로 고려해야 한다. 진행된 신경내분비종양은 최근에 입증된 여러 약제를 이용하여 증상의 조절을 고려한 치료를 적극적으로 시행하면 환자들의 생존기간은 연장될 수 있다[1,2].

References

1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Neuroendocrine Tumors [Internet] Fort Washington: National Comprehensive Cancer Network, [cited 2013 July 2]. Available from: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/neuroendocrine.pdf.
2. European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society. 2012 ENETS Consensus Guidelines [Internet] Berlin: European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, [cited 2013 July 2]. Available from: http://www.enets.org.
3. Modlin IM, Kidd M, Latich I, Zikusoka MN, Shapiro MD. Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1717–1751.
4. Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. One hundred years after "carcinoid": epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3063–3072.
5. Arnold R, Chen YJ, Costa F, et al. ENETS consensus guidelines for the standards of care in neuroendocrine tumors: follow-up and documentation. Neuroendocrinology 2009;90:227–233.
6. Soga J. Early-stage carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract: an analysis of 1914 reported cases. Cancer 2005;103:1587–1595.
7. Lim T, Lee J, Kim JJ, et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: incidence and treatment outcome in a single institution in Korea. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2011;7:293–299.
8. Kim SJ, Kim JW, Oh DY, et al. Clinical course of neuroendocrine tumors with different origins (the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and lung). Am J Clin Oncol 2012;35:549–556.
9. Kim SJ, Kim JW, Han SW, et al. Biological characteristics and treatment outcomes of metastatic or recurrent neuroendocrine tumors: tumor grade and metastatic site are important for treatment strategy. BMC Cancer 2010;10:448.
10. Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T, et al. Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011;364:514–523.
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Article information Continued

Figure 1.

Classification of Neuroendocrine tumors, depending on their embryonic origin.

Table 1.

WHO classification 2010

Neuroendocrine tumors
 Grade 1
 Grade 2
Neuroendocrine carcinoma
 Grade 3
Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC)
Hyperplastic and preneoplastic lesions

Table 2.

ENET/AJCC grading system

Grade Mitotic count (10 HPF) Ki-67 index (%)
G1 < 2 ≤ 2
G2 2-20 3-20
G3 > 20 > 20

Table 3.

Classifications of NET

Functional status Functional vs. nonfunctional
Site of origin Routine pathologic and clinical evaluation
Tumor stage Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM)
 AJCC
 ENETS
Histology Well differentiated, poorly differentiated
Highly aggressive malignancies
 - High grade (grade 3)
 - Mitotic count > 20 per10 high powered
 - Ki-67 proliferation index of > 20%
Molecular MEN 1 & 2, Tuberosis Sclerosis, Von Hippel Lindau disease