1. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol 2006;134:573–589.
2. Kim YR, Kim SJ, Cheong JW, et al. Monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathy measured by serum free light chain and immunofixation subdivide the clinical outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma according to molecular classification. Ann Hematol 2014;93:1867–1877.
4. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E359–E386.
5. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:5–29.
7. Lee JH, Lee DS, Lee JJ, et al. Multiple myeloma in Korea: past, present, and future perspectives. Experience of the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party. Int J Hematol 2010;92:52–57.
8. Kariyawasan CC, Hughes DA, Jayatillake MM, Mehta AB. Multiple myeloma: causes and consequences of delay in diagnosis. QJM 2007;100:635–640.
10. Drayson M, Tang LX, Drew R, Mead GP, Carr-Smith H, Bradwell AR. Serum free light-chain measurements for identifying and monitoring patients with nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Blood 2001;97:2900–2902.
12. Hill PG, Forsyth JM, Rai B, Mayne S. Serum free light chains: an alternative to the urine Bence Jones proteins screening test for monoclonal gammopathies. Clin Chem 2006;52:1743–1748.
13. Reid SD, Katsavara H, Augustson BM, et al. Screening for monoclonal gammopathy: inclusion of serum free light chain immunoassays produce an increased detection rate. Clin Chem 2006;52:E37a.
14. Beetham R, Wassell J, Wallage MJ, Whiteway AJ, James JA. Can serum free light chains replace urine electrophoresis in the detection of monoclonal gammopathies? Ann Clin Biochem 2007;44:516–522.
15. Piehler AP, Gulbrandsen N, Kierulf P, Urdal P. Quantitation of serum free light chains in combination with protein electrophoresis and clinical information for diagnosing multiple myeloma in a general hospital population. Clin Chem 2008;54:1823–1830.
16. Vermeersch P, Van Hoovels L, Delforge M, Mariën G, Bossuyt X. Diagnostic performance of serum free light chain measurement in patients suspected of a monoclonal B-cell disorder. Br J Haematol 2008;143:496–502.
17. Fulton RB, Fernando SL. Serum free light chain assay reduces the need for serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis in the evaluation of monoclonal gammopathy. Ann Clin Biochem 2009;46:407–412.
18. Robson EJD, Taylor J, Beardsmore C, Basu S, Mead G, Lovatt T. Utility of serum free light chain analysis when screening for lymphoproliferative disorders: the experience at a district general hospital in the United Kingdom. Lab Med 2009;40:325–329.
19. Holding S, Spradbery D, Hoole R, et al. Use of serum free light chain analysis and urine protein electrophoresis for detection of monoclonal gammopathies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:83–88.
20. Park JW, Kim YK, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Combined analysis using extended renal reference range of serum free light chain ratio and serum protein electrophoresis improves the diagnostic accuracy of multiple myeloma in renal insufficiency. Clin Biochem 2012;45:740–744.
21. Jeong TD, Kim SY, Jang S, et al. Diagnostic sensitivity of a panel of tests to detect monoclonal protein in Korean multiple myeloma patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:e187–e189.
22. McTaggart MP, Kearney EM. Evidence-based use of serum protein electrophoresis in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:e113–e115.
23. Dispenzieri A, Kyle R, Merlini G, et al. International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for serum-free light chain analysis in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Leukemia 2009;23:215–224.
25. Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e538–e548.
26. Kumar SK, Callander NS, Adekola K, et al. Multiple myeloma, version 3.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020;18:1685–1717.
28. Miettinen T, Kekki M. Effect of impaired hepatic and renal function on Bence Jones protein catabolism in human subjects. Clin Chim Acta 1967;18:395–407.
30. Herrera GA, Sanders PW. Paraproteinemic renal diseases that involve the tubulo-interstitium. Contrib Nephrol 2007;153:105–115.
31. Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E. Renal insufficiency and failure. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010;2010:431–436.
32. Yadav P, Leung N, Sanders PW, Cockwell P. The use of immunoglobulin light chain assays in the diagnosis of paraprotein- related kidney disease. Kidney Int 2015;87:692–697.
33. Cook M, Cockwell P, Almond C, et al. Serum free light chain assays in the early detection of cast nephropathy in patients presenting with unexplained acute kidney injury (AKI): results from a pharmacoeconomic evaluation. Blood 2014;124:2612.
34. Koo EH, Shin JH, Jang HR, et al. Diagnostic performances of M-protein tests according to the clinical presentations of kidney disease. Eur J Intern Med 2016;33:88–92.
35. Merlini G, Stone MJ. Dangerous small B-cell clones. Blood 2006;108:2520–2530.
37. Kourelis TV, Dasari S, Theis JD, et al. Clarifying immunoglobulin gene usage in systemic and localized immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis by mass spectrometry. Blood 2017;129:299–306.
38. Gillmore JD, Wechalekar A, Bird J, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and investigation of AL amyloidosis. Br J Haematol 2015;168:207–218.
39. Palladini G, Russo P, Bosoni T, et al. Identification of amyloidogenic light chains requires the combination of serum- free light chain assay with immunofixation of serum and urine. Clin Chem 2009;55:499–504.
40. Lachmann HJ, Gallimore R, Gillmore JD, et al. Outcome in systemic AL amyloidosis in relation to changes in concentration of circulating free immunoglobulin light chains following chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 2003;122:78–84.
41. Abraham RS, Katzmann JA, Clark RJ, Bradwell AR, Kyle RA, Gertz MA. Quantitative analysis of serum free light chains. A new marker for the diagnostic evaluation of primary systemic amyloidosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:274–278.
42. Katzmann JA, Abraham RS, Dispenzieri A, Lust JA, Kyle RA. Diagnostic performance of quantitative kappa and lambda free light chain assays in clinical practice. Clin Chem 2005;51:878–881.
43. Bochtler T, Hegenbart U, Heiss C, et al. Evaluation of the serum-free light chain test in untreated patients with AL amyloidosis. Haematologica 2008;93:459–462.
44. Akar H, Seldin DC, Magnani B, et al. Quantitative serum free light chain assay in the diagnostic evaluation of AL amyloidosis. Amyloid 2005;12:210–215.
45. Maurer M, Lousada I, Hanna M, et al. Recommendations from the Amyloidosis Research Consortium Educational Roundtable at the American College of Cardiology Annual Meeting, 1 April 2016. Amyloid 2017;24:165–166.
47. Fotiou D, Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E. How we manage patients with plasmacytomas. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2018;13:227–235.
48. Fernández de Larrea C, Kyle RA, Durie BG, et al. Plasma cell leukemia: consensus statement on diagnostic requirements, response criteria and treatment recommendations by the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia 2013;27:780–791.
50. Kar R, Dutta S, Bhargava R, Kumar R, Pati HP. Immunoglobulin free light chains: do they have a role in plasma cell leukemia? Hematology 2008;13:344–347.
52. Charafeddine KM, Jabbour MN, Kadi RH, Daher RT. Extended use of serum free light chain as a biomarker in lymphoproliferative disorders: a comprehensive review. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;137:890–897.
53. Martin W, Abraham R, Shanafelt T, et al. Serum-free light chain-a new biomarker for patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Transl Res 2007;149:231–235.
55. De Filippi R, Morabito F, Corazzelli G, et al. Use of the cumulative amount of serum-free light chains (sFLC) at diagnosis and PET2 for the early identification of high risk of treatment failure in Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). J Clin Oncol 2012;30:8083.
56. Corazzelli G, De Filippi R, Capobianco G, et al. Tumor flare reactions and response to lenalidomide in patients with refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2010;85:87–90.
58. Jardin F, Delfau-Larue MH, Molina TJ, et al. Immunoglobulin heavy chain/light chain pair measurement is associated with survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2013;54:1898–1907.
60. Furtado M, Shah N, Levoguer A, Harding S, Rule S. Abnormal serum free light chain ratio predicts poor overall survival in mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2013;160:63–69.
61. Pinto A, De Filippi R, Iaccarino G, et al. Abnormalities in serum free-immunoglobulin light chains show a high and differential frequency among WHO subtypes of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and may turn of value for therapeutic monitoring: a study of 354 newly diagnosed patients. Blood 2008;112:2813.
62. Leleu X, Moreau AS, Weller E, et al. Serum immunoglobulin free light chain correlates with tumor burden markers in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2008;49:1104–1107.
63. Itzykson R, Le Garff-Tavernier M, Katsahian S, Diemert MC, Musset L, Leblond V. Serum-free light chain elevation is associated with a shorter time to treatment in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Haematologica 2008;93:793–794.
64. Leleu X, Koulieris E, Maltezas D, et al. Novel M-component based biomarkers in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2011;11:164–167.
65. Pratt G, Harding S, Holder R, et al. Abnormal serum free light chain ratios are associated with poor survival and may reflect biological subgroups in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2009;144:217–222.
66. Yegin ZA, Ozkurt ZN, Yağci M. Free light chain: a novel predictor of adverse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2010;84:406–411.
68. Morabito F, De Filippi R, Laurenti L, et al. The cumulative amount of serum-free light chain is a strong prognosticator in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011;118:6353–6361.
70. Aue G, Farooqui M, Jones J, et al. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) ibrutinib effectively reduces clonal IgM paraproteins and serum free light chains while increasing normal IgM, IgA serum levels, suggesting a nascent recovery of humoral immunity. Blood 2013;122:4182.
71. Kim JA. Clinical application of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in multiple myeloma. Korean J Med 2012;82:686–688.
72. Park HK, Lee KR, Kim YJ, et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in an elderly urban Korean population. Am J Hematol 2011;86:752–755.
73. Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Resident registration demographics: population by age [Internet]. Sejong (KR): Ministry of the Interior and Safety, c2020. [cited 2021 Aug 15]. Available from:
https://jumin.mois.go.kr/#
74. Lee YG, Bang SM, Lee JO, et al. Five-year follow-up study of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in a Korean elderly urban cohort. Cancer Res Treat 2015;47:215–220.
75. Neriishi K, Nakashima E, Suzuki G. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in atomic bomb survivors: incidence and transformation to multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2003;121:405–410.
76. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2002;346:564–569.
77. Gregersen H, Ibsen J, Mellemkjoer L, Dahlerup J, Olsen J, Sørensen HT. Mortality and causes of death in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol 2001;112:353–357.
79. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. Healthcare bigdata hub [Internet]. Wonju (KR): Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, [cited 2021 Aug 15]. Available from:
https://opendata.hira.or.kr/home.do
80. Wu E, Jensen IS, Cyr P, Kisner H. Economic model shows that guideline recommended testing of patients with early symptoms of myeloma results in improved patient outcomes and decreased hospital costs. Blood 2017;130(Suppl 1):4698.