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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2012.83.6.689</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-83-6-689-1</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>특집</subject><subject>위말트림프종</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group xml:lang="en">
<subject>Special Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>

<title-group>
<article-title>위 MALT 림프종의 병태생리</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Pathophysiology of Gastric MALT Lymphoma</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>

<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Gyeongsin</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>박</surname><given-names>경신</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-83-6-689-1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjm-83-6-689-1"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>Chang Suk</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>강</surname><given-names>창석</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-83-6-689-1"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-83-6-689-1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjm-83-6-689-1"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>

<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-83-6-689-1">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label>Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>1</label>가톨릭대학교 의과대학 병원병리학교실</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af2-kjm-83-6-689-1">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label>Catholic University Lymphoma Group, Seoul St. Mary&#x0027;s Hospital, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>2</label>서울성모병원 림프종 다학제 협동진료팀</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>

<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-83-6-689-1" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Chang Suk Kang, M.D. &#x02003; Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 10 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 150-713, Korea &#x02003; Tel: +82-2-3779-1312, Fax: +82-2-3779-1331, E-mail: <email>cskang@catholic.ac.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>

<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year></pub-date>

<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year></pub-date>

<volume>83</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>689</fpage>
<lpage>698</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#x024d2; 2012 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Early gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is considered as an antigen-dependent disease associated with long standing antigenic stimulation by <italic>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori</italic>) which induces chronic immune response and lymphoid tissue development at the gastric mucosa normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. With disease progression, antigen-independent clones occur via genetic alterations inducing aberrant activation of nuclear factor &#x003ba;B (NF-&#x003ba;B) pathway which is essential for regulation of normal lymphocyte development and activation. Four major translocations, including t (11&#x0003B;18)/API2-MALT1, t (1&#x0003B;14)/BCL10-IGH, t (14&#x0003B;18)/(IGH-MALT1 and t (3&#x0003B;14)/FOXP1-IGH, occur mutually exclusively and lead to generation of cIAP2-MALT1 fusion protein or overexpression of BCL10, MALT1 and Foxp1. Translocation t (3&#x0003B;14)(q27&#x0003B;q32)/BCL6-IGH and t (1&#x0003B;2)(p22&#x0003B;p12)/BCL10-IG&#x003ba;L also occur in some MALT lymphomas. Mutational inactivation of A20, global NF-&#x003ba;B inhibitor, involve the development of especially translocation-negative MALT lymphoma. Downstream effects of most genetic alteration converge on the same NF-&#x003ba;B mediated oncogenic pathway. This review discusses the current advances in the pathophysiology underlying the development of gastric MALT lymphoma and its progression. (Korean J Med 2012&#x0003B;83:689-698)</p></trans-abstract>

<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd><italic>H. pylori</italic></kwd>
<kwd>점막 관련 림프조직</kwd>
<kwd>위 MALT 림프종</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd><italic>H. pylori</italic></kwd>
<kwd>Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue</kwd>
<kwd>Gastric MALT lymphoma</kwd>
<kwd>Pathophysiology</kwd>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front>



<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<p>점막 관련 림프조직(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT)은 점막으로 유입되는 항원에 대한 면역반응을 담당하는 림프조직으로 소장말단(Peyer&#x02019;s patch), 충수돌기, 편도에 정상적으로 분포한다. 정상 위 점막에는 MALT가 존재하지 않지만, 지속적인 항원자극 상황에서 후천적으로 형성될 수 있다. MALT 림프종은 변연부 B세포에 해당되는 악성 림프구가 증식하는 종양으로 정식 명칭은 림프절외 점막 관련 림프조직의 변연부 림프종(extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT, MALT lymphoma)이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-83-6-689-1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-83-6-689-1">2</xref>]. 한국인에서 MALT 림프종은 절반 이상이 위 점막에서 발생하며(59.8&#x00025;), 눈(30.1&#x00025;), 소장(4.6&#x00025;), 대장(3.5&#x00025;), 피부(1.0&#x00025;), Waldeyer&#x02019;s ring (1.0&#x00025;) 순으로 호발하고, 위 원발 림프종 중에서는 MALT 림프종이 56&#x00025;를 차지한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-83-6-689-1">3</xref>]. <italic>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)</italic> 감염은 위 점막에서 림프조직 형성을 유도하고, MALT 림프종을 유발하는 주요 요인으로 제기되고 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-83-6-689-1">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-83-6-689-1">4</xref>]. 초기 위 MALT 림프종은 항원-의존성 질환으로 이해되며, <italic>H. pylori</italic> 제균 요법에 높은 관해율을 보이지만, 종양의 진행과 더불어 일부에서는 저항성을 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-83-6-689-1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-83-6-689-1">5</xref>].</p>
<p>본 원고에서는 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 관련 위 점막 림프조직의 형성 및 MALT 림프종 유발에 대한 고찰과 함께 항생제 요법에 대한 반응성 변화와 관련된 위 MALT 림프종의 병태생리를 살펴보고자 한다.</p>
</sec>

<sec sec-type="others">
<title>본 론</title>
<sec><title>위 점막 관련 림프조직(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT) 형성과 MALT 림프종</title> 
<p>정상 위 점막은 단순분지대롱샘(simple branched tubular gland) 형태의 위샘이 치밀하게 분포한다. 위샘 사이의 버팀질(stroma)에서는 모세혈관, 섬유모세포 등 일반적인 성분과 소수의 림프구, 형질세포, 포식세포 등 면역계통 세포가 존재할 수 있지만 림프조직은 관찰되지 않는다.</p>
<p><italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염 등으로 인한 만성적 염증환경에서 지속적인 면역반응에 대처하기 위한 국소조직의 적응과정으로 림프조직이 형성된다(<xref rid="f1-kjm-83-6-689-1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>). 림프조직은 면역반응에 관여하는 B세포, T세포, 항원제시 수지상세포(antigen presenting cell, APC) 등이 동원되고, 서로 반응하여 증식 및 분화할 수 있도록 잘 짜여진 구조의 조직을 의미한다. MALT의 구조와 기능은 정상적으로 회장말단부에 존재하는 림프조직인 Peyer&#x02019;s patches와 유사하다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-83-6-689-1">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-83-6-689-1">7</xref>].</p>
<p>위 MALT 형성과정에 대한 이해는 위 MALT 림프종의 발병 기전과 항생제 치료에 대한 이론적 근거를 이해하는 데 도움이 된다(<xref rid="f2-kjm-83-6-689-1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>). <italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염으로 활성화된 특이적 helper T 세포는 위 샘상피 자기 항원과 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 단백이 공유하는 cross-reactive epitope을 인지하며, 이에 상응하는 특이 B세포 클론을 할성화시킨다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-83-6-689-1">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-83-6-689-1">9</xref>]. 염증으로 동원되는 B세포, T세포, 수지상세포(dendritic cell) 등은 MALT를 형성할 수 있는 환경을 제공한다. 활성화된 B세포는 세포 표면에 림포톡신(lymphotoxin beta, LT&#x003b2;)을 표현하고, 이를 통하여 림포톡신 수용체(LT&#x003b2;R)를 가지고 있는 근섬유모세포(myofibroblast)를 활성화시킨다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-83-6-689-1">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-83-6-689-1">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-83-6-689-1">12</xref>]. 활성화된 근섬유모세포는 VCAM1, ICAM1 등의 세포유착분자(cell adhesion molecule)를 표현하게 되며, CXCL13, CCL19, CCL21 등의 싸이토카인을 분비하여 B세포, T세포, 수지상세포를 동원한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-83-6-689-1">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-83-6-689-1">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-83-6-689-1">13</xref>]. 또한 직접 여포 수지상 세포(follicular dendritic cell, FDC)와 섬유세망세포(fibroblastic reticular cell, FRC)로 분화하여 T세포와 B세포의 이동 및 상호작용할 수 있도록 이동경로구조틀(conduit framework)을 제공하고, T세포와 수지상세포에 의해 항원 자극을 받은 B세포가 증식하는 배중심 반응(germinal center reaction)을 가능하게 해주며[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjm-83-6-689-1">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-83-6-689-1">15</xref>], 혈관내피세포성장인자(VEGF), 섬유모세포성장인자(FGF), 간세포성장인자(HGF) 등을 분비하여 혈관과 림프관 형성을 유도한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-83-6-689-1">16</xref>]. 현미경 소견에서 MALT는 B세포가 모여 증식하며 형성하는 림프 소포(lymphoid follicle)가 한 개 또는 여러 개가 모여서 관찰된다. 림프소포 주변은 주로 T세포가 존재하는 영역이며, 재순환 림프구와 수지상 세포가 동원될 수 있도록 혈관과 림프관이 존재한다. 림프소포는 B세포가 증식하는 중앙의 배중심(germinal center)와 이를 소림프구들이 둘러싸는 외투층(mantle zone)으로 구성된다. 외투층 밖으로 B세포가 모여있는 영역을 변연부(marginal zone)라고 하는데, MALT 림프종 발생에 중요하다. 위 MALT에서는 MALT 림프종(56&#x00025;, 이하 한국 자료) 뿐만 아니라, 광범위 B큰세포림프종(diffuse large B cell lymphoma, DLBCL) (35&#x00025;), T세포 림프종(3&#x00025;), 외투림프종(mantle cell lymphoma) (0.9&#x00025;), 기타(4.5 &#x00025;) 등 여러 가지 림프종이 발생할 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-83-6-689-1">3</xref>].</p>
<p>MALT 림프종은 MALT에서 발생하는 림프종을 총칭하는 개념이 아니라, MALT에서 발생한 림프종의 특정 유형 즉 림프절외 변연부 림프종을 지칭하는 진단명이다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-83-6-689-1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-83-6-689-1">2</xref>]. MALT 림프종 세포는 창백한 세포질이 풍부하고, 핵막이 불규칙한 작은 핵이 중심에 위치하여 일견 단핵구를 닮은(monocytoid) 세포가 기본 모양이며, 세포의 분화단계에 따라 배중심세포를 닮은(centrocyte-like) 세포에서 형질세포까지 다양한 스펙트럼으로 관찰된다. 조직학적으로 반응성 림프소포와 구분이 어려울 만큼 변연부만 약간 팽창된 소견에서부터, 림프종 세포가 변연부 주변으로 또는 배중심으로 침윤 증식(follicular colonization)하는 양상, 심하게 침윤 증식하여 림프소포 구조가 잘 확인되지 않고 주변 점막 샘구조가 파괴되어 H/E 소견만으로도 분명한 악성림프종으로 진단할 수 있는 정도까지 다양한 증식 소견을 보인다. MALT 림프종 진단에 도움이 되는 소견으로 세 개 이상의 종양세포가 위 샘상피로 침윤하여 모여 있는 림프상피병소(lymphoepithelial lesion)가 관찰되며, 이때 파괴되는 샘상피 세포는 호산성 변성을 보인다(<xref rid="f3-kjm-83-6-689-1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>). MALT 림프종은 특이적인 면역표현형이 없어 기본적으로 H/E 소견에 의존하게 진단하게 되는데, Wotherspoon 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-83-6-689-1">17</xref>]이 제안한 점수화 체계가 자주 활용되며(<xref rid="t1-kjm-83-6-689-1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>), 치료 후 추적 생검에서 잔존 병소를 평가하기 위해서는 GELA(Groupe d&#x02019;Etude des Lymphomes de l&#x00060;Adult) 등급체계가 활용된다(<xref rid="t2-kjm-83-6-689-1" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjm-83-6-689-1">18</xref>].</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>위 MALT 림프종의 병태생리</title>
<sec><title>H. pylori 감염과 위 MALT 림프종</title>
<p><italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염은 만성 위염 및 소화성 궤양의 주요 원인일 뿐만 아니라, 대부분의 위 MALT 림프종에서 동반감염이 확인되며, 위 림프종 발병에 선행하는 감염을 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-83-6-689-1">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-83-6-689-1">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-83-6-689-1">24</xref>].</p> 
<p>1993년 Hussel 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-83-6-689-1">25</xref>]은 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염 환자에서 분리한 저등급 위 MALT 림프종 세포가 증식하기 위해서는 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 균종 특이항원에 의하여 활성화된 특이적 T세포가 필요하다고 보고하였고, 이는 위 MALT 림프종에 대한 초기 치료로서 항생제 제균 요법에 대한 이론적 근거를 제공해준다. 실제로 많은 연구를 통하여 위에 국한된 MALT 림프종은 <italic>H. pylori</italic>에 대한 항생제 치료만으로 치유될 수 있음이 확인되었다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-83-6-689-1">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjm-83-6-689-1">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjm-83-6-689-1">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjm-83-6-689-1">27</xref>]. 초기 연구에서는 위 MALT 림프종과 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 동반감염 빈도가 90&#x00025; 이상으로 높게 보고되었으나, 이후 연구자들에 따라 다양한 감염 빈도가 제시되었다. 특히, 종양이 위 점막과 점막하 층에 국한된 경우보다 점막하층 이상으로 더 진행된 경우에 확인되는 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 동반 감염 빈도가 50&#x00025; 이하로 낮아진다고 알려졌고[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjm-83-6-689-1">28</xref>], 최근 동, 서양을 망라하는 대규모 자료에 대한 메타분석 결과는 위 MALT 림프종의 병기가 높을수록 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 제균 요법에 대한 관해율이 현저히 낮아짐을 보여 준다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjm-83-6-689-1">29</xref>]. <italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염 환자의 위 점막에서 MALT 림프종이 발생하기 전에 이미 단클론성 B세포 증식이 확인되며[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-83-6-689-1">7</xref>], 위 점막 조직의 현미경 소견에서 림프소포를 포함하는 MALT가 흔히 관찰되는 것으로 보아 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 만성위염-MALT형성-MALT림프종을 하나의 스펙트럼으로 이해될 수 있다. 또한 병기에 따라 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염 빈도와 제균 요법에 대한 반응이 차이를 보이는 것은 위 MALT 림프종이 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염으로 유발되어 초기에는 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 항원 자극에 의존성을 보이지만 점차로 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 항원 비의존성 MALT 림프종으로 진화할 수 있음을 보여준다.</p>
<sec><title>초기 위 MALT 림프종의 발병기전</title>
<p><italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염은 특이적 helper T세포와 B세포를 활성화시켜 위 MALT 형성을 유도한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-83-6-689-1">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-83-6-689-1">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjm-83-6-689-1">30</xref>]. 지속적인 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 항원 자극으로 병의 진행과 더불어 악성 클론이 자라나 양성 림프조직을 대치하고 림프상피병소를 형성하여 형태학적으로 MALT 림프종에 해당되는 초기 병변을 형성한다. MALT 림프종 초기 단계에서는 림프종 세포의 생존과 증식을 위하여 지속적인 항원 자극과 특이적 T세포 자극 환경이 필요하다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-83-6-689-1">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-83-6-689-1">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjm-83-6-689-1">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-kjm-83-6-689-1">32</xref>]. 정상 항원자극-활성 증식 B세포가 면역글로불린중쇄(immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, IgV <sub>H</sub>) 유전자의 무작위돌연변이(random mutation) 및 체세포과돌연변이(somatic hypermutation, SHM)를 보이는 것처럼, MALT 림프종의 55-75&#x00025;에서 IgV <sub>H-</sub>SHM을 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-83-6-689-1">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-kjm-83-6-689-1">33</xref>]. 초기 MALT 림프종세포가 생산하는 항체는 특이항체이기는 하지만 다반응성(polyreactive) 항체로 <italic>H. pylori</italic>-유도 항원 뿐만 아니라 위샘상피-유도 자가항원들에 대해서도 반응성을 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-83-6-689-1">9</xref>]. 이러한 증거들은 초기 MALT 림프종 세포가 항원-의존적이며, 항원자극제거를 위한 항생제 제균 요법에 대한 이론적 기초가 된다.</p>
<p>MALT 림프종이 진행하면서 단반응성(monoreactive) 돌연변이 클론이 나타나며 점차로 항생제 치료에 저항성을 보인다. 위 MALT 림프종의 약 10&#x00025; 정도에서는 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염이 확인되지 않으며 제균 요법에 저항성을 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-83-6-689-1">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-83-6-689-1">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-83-6-689-1">24</xref>]. 대부분의 림프종과 같이 위 MALT 림프종에서도 유전자 변이를 동반하는 경우가 많다. 유전자변이가 동반된 림프종은 대부분 진행된 병기를 보이며 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 제균 요법에도 잘 반응하지 않는다(<xref rid="f2-kjm-83-6-689-1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-83-6-689-1">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-kjm-83-6-689-1">34</xref>].</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>위 MALT 림프종의 유전학</title>
<p>유전자전위 t (11&#x0003B;18)(q21&#x0003B;q21), t (1&#x0003B;14)(p22&#x0003B;q32), t (14&#x0003B;18) (q32&#x0003B;q21) 및 t (3&#x0003B;14)(p14.1&#x0003B;q32)이 위 MALT 림프종과 연관된 주요 유전자 변이이며, 드물게 t (3&#x0003B;14)(q27&#x0003B;q32)와 t (1&#x0003B;2)(p22&#x0003B;p12)도 동반된다. 이 외에도 A20 (global nuclear factor &#x003ba;B inhibitor) 유전자 변이 및 3번, 12번, 18번 염색체의 삼염색체증(trisomy) 등이 비교적 빈번하게 동반되는 유전자 변이다. Nuclear factor &#x003ba;B (NF-&#x003ba;B) 경로는 정상 림프구의 발생과 활성화 및 면역반응 과정에서 주로 작용하는 신호전달 경로로서 엄격하게 조절되어 작동된다. MALT 림프종에서 동반되어 나타나는 대표적인 유전자전위는 서로 중복되지 않고 배타적으로 나타나며, 모두 비정상적 NF-&#x003ba;B 활성화와 관련된 암화 경로(oncogenic pathway)로 연결된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjm-83-6-689-1">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-kjm-83-6-689-1">37</xref>].</p>
<p>t (11&#x0003B;18)(q21&#x0003B;q21)/API2-MALT1는 가장 흔히 나타나는 유전자 변이로 위 MALT 림프종의 약 20-25&#x00025;에서 동반된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-kjm-83-6-689-1">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-kjm-83-6-689-1">39</xref>]. 11번 염색체의 API2 (apoptosis inhibitor 2) 유전자와 18번 염색체의 MALT1 (MALT lymphoma-associated translocation 1) 유전자가 교환융합(reciprocal fusion)을 통하여 API2-MALT1 융합단백을 생성한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-kjm-83-6-689-1">40</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjm-83-6-689-1">42</xref>]. API2 유전자 산물인 c-IAP2 (inhibitor of apoptosis 2)는 caspase의 활성을 억제함으로써 세포자멸사(apoptosis)를 저해한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-kjm-83-6-689-1">43</xref>]. MALT1 단백은 항원수용체매개 NF-&#x003ba;B 활성에 관여한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-kjm-83-6-689-1">44</xref>]. API2와 MALT1 모두 proteosome에 의하여 쉽게 파괴되기 때문에 반감기가 짧지만 API2-MALT1 융합단백은 매우 안정하여 proteosome 억제인자가 없는 상황에서도 긴 반감기를 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-kjm-83-6-689-1">45</xref>]. API2-MALT1 융합단백은 항상 BIR (baculovirus inhibitors of apoptosis repeat) 영역을 포함하는 API2 유전자의 N-말단부와 caspase-like 영역을 포함하는 MALT1 유전자의 C-말단으로 구성되어 세포자멸사 억제 기능과 NF-&#x003ba;B 활성 기능을 획득한 안정적인 단백으로 작용하게 된다. 항원수용체가 활성화되는 상황에서 MALT1 단백이 BCL-10과의 결합을 통하여 활성화되면, NEMO (NF-&#x003ba;B essential modulator)를 유비키틴화시켜 IKK (inhibitor NF-&#x003ba; kinase)를 활성화시키고, 이는 NF-&#x003ba;B 억제인자(I&#x003ba;B)를 억제하여 NF-&#x003ba;B를 활성화시킨다. API2-MALT1 융합단백은 자체로 활성작용을 할 수 있는 구조로서 항원수용체의 활성 자극 없이도 바로 IKK활성화-I&#x003ba;B억제를 통하여 NF-&#x003ba;B를 활성화시킬 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-kjm-83-6-689-1">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-kjm-83-6-689-1">46</xref>]. 초기의 저등급 위 MALT 림프종 세포들은 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 특이적 T세포의 활성자극에 의존성이 있어서 제균 요법에 반응을 보이지만, t (11;18)(q21;q21)을 동반하는 림프종 세포에서는 항시적 활성화 상태의 API2-MALT1 융합단백이 항원수용체 활성화 경로를 우회하여 NF-&#x003ba;B를 활성화시켜 줄 수 있으므로 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 및 특이적 T세포의 활성자극이 없는 환경에서도 스스로 증식할 수 있는 기전이 확보된 상태가 된다. t (11&#x0003B;18)(q21&#x0003B;q21)-음성 위 MALT 림프종은 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 제균 요법 반응률이 70-80&#x00025;인 반면, t (11&#x0003B;18)(q21&#x0003B;q21)- 양성에서는 약 10&#x00025; 정도만 항생제에 반응을 보이고 대부분은 저항성을 보인다. 드물게 반응을 보이는 경우에도 일시적일 뿐이며 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 재감염 없이 재발하는 경우가 많다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-83-6-689-1">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-kjm-83-6-689-1">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48-kjm-83-6-689-1">48</xref>].</p>
<p>t (1&#x0003B;14)(p22&#x0003B;q32)/BCL10-IGH는 MALT 림프종의 약 1-7&#x00025;에서 동반되나 위 MALT 림프종에서는 1-3&#x00025; 정도에서 나타나며, 특히 3번, 12번, 18번 염색체의 삼염색체증 등 추가적인 유전자 변이를 동반하는 경우가 많다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjm-83-6-689-1">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-kjm-83-6-689-1">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-kjm-83-6-689-1">49</xref>]. t (1&#x0003B;14)에서는 융합단백을 생성하지는 않으나, 1번 염색체에 위치하는 BCL10 유전자 전체가 14번 염색체의 면역글로불린중쇄(immunoglobulin heavy chain, IGH) 유전자 부위로 전위되며, B세포에서는 항시적 활성상태로 존재하는 IGH enhancer의 영향으로 BCL10 단백이 과발현하게 된다. BCL10 단백이 과발현되면 항원수용체 활성과 같은 상류의 신호전달이 없이도 MALT1과 결합하여 NF-&#x003ba;B를 비정상적으로 활성화시킨다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-kjm-83-6-689-1">50</xref>]. 이와 유사한 아형인 t (1&#x0003B;2)(p22&#x0003B;p12)도 드물게 나타나는데, BCL10 유전자가 2번 염색체에 위치하는 면역글로불린 &#x003ba; 경쇄(immunoglobulin &#x003ba; light chain) 유전자의 영향으로 과발현된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjm-83-6-689-1">31</xref>].</p>
<p>t (14&#x0003B;18)(q32&#x0003B;q21)/IGH-MALT1은 MALT 림프종의 약 11-18&#x00025;에서 동반되며 주로 소화기 이외의 장기에서 발생한 MALT 림프종에서 나타난다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-kjm-83-6-689-1">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52-kjm-83-6-689-1">52</xref>]. 여기서도 3번, 12번, 18번 염색체의 삼염색체증을 포함한 추가적인 유전자 변이를 동반하는 경우가 많다. t (14&#x0003B;18)(q32&#x0003B;q21)는 여포림프종에서 흔히 나타나는 유전자 변이로 이때는 18q21에 위치하는 BCL2 유전자가 관여한다. MALT1 유전자는 BCL2 유전자보다 중심절 쪽으로 5Mb 거리를 두고 위치한다. 유전자전위를 통하여 MALT1 유전자는 14번 염색체의 IGH 유전자 enhancer 영향권 부위에 위치하여 과발현하게 된다. MALT1 단백 단독으로는 소중합체(oligomer)를 형성하지 못하여 NF-&#x003ba;B를 활성화시키지 못하고 BCL10과 공조적으로 작용한다. 또한 MALT1 단백은 NIK (NF-&#x003ba;B inducible kinase) 억제인자인 TRAF3 (TNF receptor associated factor 3)을 파괴하며, 이는 BAFF (B-cell activating factor)를 매개로하는 우회적 NF-&#x003ba;B 경로를 활성화시키는데 중요하다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53-kjm-83-6-689-1">53</xref>].</p>
<p>t (3&#x0003B;14)(p14.1&#x0003B;q32)/FOXP1-IGH는 MALT 림프종의 약 10&#x00025;에서 나타나며, 주로 소화기 이외의 MALT 림프종에서 동반된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54-kjm-83-6-689-1">54</xref>]. t (3&#x0003B;14)와 관련된 MALT 림프종 유발 기전은 아직 명확히 알려져 있지 않다. 또한 이 유전자 변이는 MALT 림프종에 특이적으로 나타나는 것은 아니며 DLBCL에서도 발견된다. 특히 활성 B세포형(ABC type) DLBCL에서 강하게 발현되며 불량한 예후와 연관성을 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55-kjm-83-6-689-1">55</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56-kjm-83-6-689-1">56</xref>]. t (3;14)(q27;q32)/ BCL6-IGH도 MALT 림프종에서 동반될 수 있으며, 특히 MALT 림프종 성분이 함께 관찰되는 위 DLBCL의 약 50&#x00025;에서 BCL6 유전자전위가 확인되기도 한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57-kjm-83-6-689-1">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58-kjm-83-6-689-1">58</xref>].</p>
<p>A20 유전자 변이는 눈, 갑상샘, 타액샘, 간 등의 MALT 림프종에서 주로 동반되며, 다른 유전자전위와는 배타적으로 나타난다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59-kjm-83-6-689-1">59</xref>]. TNFAIP3 (TNF&#x003b1; inducible protein 3)으로 알려진 A20는 NF-&#x003ba;B의 표적 유전자로 활성 NF-&#x003ba;B에 의하여 발현되지만, NF-&#x003ba;B 활성 경로의 여러 단계를 억제하는 음성 되먹임 작용을 한다. A20 유전자의 메틸화, 결손 또는 불활성화 돌연변이는 제어되지 않는 NF-&#x003ba;B 활성화를 초래한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60-kjm-83-6-689-1">60</xref>].</p>
<p>삼염색체증 및 기타 유전자 변이 3, 18, 7, 12번 염색체의 삼염색체증이 흔히 발견되며, MALT 림프종의 42-60&#x00025;에서 나타난다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjm-83-6-689-1">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61-kjm-83-6-689-1">61</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62-kjm-83-6-689-1">62</xref>]. 이들 삼염색체증은 단독으로 나타나기도 하지만 다른 유전자전위와 동반되는 경우가 많다. MALT 림프종에 동반되는 유전자 변이는 추가적으로 보고되고 있으며, 최근 1p (CNN3), 5q (ODZ2), 9p (JMJD2C) 및 Xp11.2 (GPR34) 유전자도 IgH와 교환전위되는 파트너 유전자로 보고되었다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63-kjm-83-6-689-1">63</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64-kjm-83-6-689-1">64</xref>]. 위 MALT 림프종의 발생과정에서 이들 유전자 변이의 역할은 아직 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>위 MALT 림프종의 진행(progression)과 예후</title>
<p>초기 위 MALT 림프종은 항원-의존성 세포로 구성되나, 종양이 진행과 더불어 추가적인 유전자 변이를 획득하게 되면서 항원-비의존성 돌연변이 클론이 발생하여 점차로 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 제균 요법에 저항성을 보이는 것으로 생각된다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-83-6-689-1">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-83-6-689-1">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-83-6-689-1">13</xref>]. 이러한 MALT 림프종의 진화는 병리조직학적으로 볼 때, 변연부 림프종 범위 내에서의 진행과 고등급 림프종 유형으로의 전환을 구분할 필요가 있다. 위 림프종 진단 당시에 이미 MALT 림프종 배경에 고등급 림프종인 DLBCL성분이 동시에 관찰되기도 하며, MALT 림프종 치료 후 DLBCL로 재발하기도 한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57-kjm-83-6-689-1">57</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58-kjm-83-6-689-1">58</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65-kjm-83-6-689-1">65</xref>]. MALT 림프종의 약 3-18&#x00025;에서 고등급 전환이 일어날 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65-kjm-83-6-689-1">65</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66-kjm-83-6-689-1">66</xref>]. 이 경우 대부분 DLBCL이 발생하지만, 위 MALT 림프종이 호지킨 림프종과 동시에 발생한 3예의 증례가 각각 보고되었다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67-kjm-83-6-689-1">67</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b69-kjm-83-6-689-1">69</xref>]. 고등급 림프종 전환과 연관된 유전자 변이로는 p53 돌연변이, p15와 p16 유전자의 메틸화, p16 유전자 결손 등이 알려져 있으며[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b70-kjm-83-6-689-1">70</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b73-kjm-83-6-689-1">73</xref>], 최근 CXCR4와 CZCR7 결손 또는 이상조절도 연관성이 있다고 보고되었다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b74-kjm-83-6-689-1">74</xref>].</p> 
<p><italic>H. pylori</italic> 제균 요법 단독에 의한 관해율은 병기(stage I, 78-80&#x00025;; stage II 이상, 45-55&#x00025;), <italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염(양성, 84&#x00025;; 음성 14&#x00025;) 및 t (11&#x0003B;18)(q21&#x0003B;q21)/API2-MALT1 동반(양성, 10&#x00025;; 음성, 74&#x00025;) 여부에 따라 분명한 차이를 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjm-83-6-689-1">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-kjm-83-6-689-1">47</xref>]. 이외에도 성별(여 &#x0003e; 남), 위치(근위부 다발성 &#x0003c; 원위부), 내시경소견(표재형&#x0003e;침윤형), 침윤 정도(점막 국한 &#x0003e; 점막하 이상) 등이 관해 예측인자로 알려졌다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-83-6-689-1">5</xref>]. 제균 요법 단독 치료로 관해된 경우 약 3.1-7.2&#x00025;에서 재발을 보인다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjm-83-6-689-1">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-kjm-83-6-689-1">47</xref>]. 예후는 5년, 10년, 12년 생존율이 각각 99&#x00025;, 95&#x00025;, 91&#x00025;로 매우 양호하지만, 고등급 림프종으로 진행하거나 다른 악성 종양이 병발하여 사망할 수도 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-83-6-689-1">5</xref>].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>

<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>결 론</title>
<p>초기 위 MALT 림프종은 <italic>H. pylori</italic> 항원과 특이적 T세포의 항원자극에 의존하여 증식하는 항원-의존성 질환으로 제균 요법으로 관해될 수 있지만, 종양이 진행함에 따라 동반되는 유전자 변이 획득과 함께 점차로 항원-비의존성 질환으로 진화할 수 있으며, 추가적인 유전자 변이로 인하여 고등급 조직학적 유형의 림프종으로 전환될 수도 있다. NF-&#x003ba;B 활성 경로는 정상 림프구의 발생과 증식과정에서 엄격하게 조절되어 작동되는 경로이며 위 MALT 림프종 유발 기전의 주요 표적이 된다. MALT 림프종에서 관찰되는 여러 가지 유전자 변이는 비정상적 NF-&#x003ba;B 활성을 유발하여 종양세포가 항원자극-의존성을 극복하는 기전을 제공해 준다.</p>
<p><italic>H. pylori</italic> 감염 환자의 위 점막에서 MALT 림프종이 발생하기 전에 이미 단클론성 B세포 증식이 확인되는 경우도 있으며, 초기 MALT 림프종에서는 분자생물학적 검사에서 다클론성으로 나타나는 경우가 많고, MALT 림프종 특이적 면역표현형이 없어 진단을 기본적으로 H/E 소견에 의존한다는점을 고려할 때, &#x02018;<italic>H. pylori</italic> 만성위염-MALT형성-항원의존성 MALT림프종-항원비의존성MALT림프종&#x02019;을 하나의 스펙트럼으로 이해할 필요가 있다. 이러한 점에서 Wotherspoon 점수화 체계와 GELA 등급체계는 병리-임상 간의 의사소통을 위하여 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.</p>
</sec>

</body>




<back>
<ack><title>감사의 글</title>
<p>본 원고가 마무리될 수 있도록 위 MALT 림프종의 병리-임상양상에 대한 다학제적 토의와 조언을 주신 CULG (Catholic University Lymphoma Group) 교수님들께 깊은 감사를 드립니다.</p>
</ack>



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<sec sec-type="display-objects" xml:lang="en">
		<title>Figures and Tables</title>

<fig id="f1-kjm-83-6-689-1" position="float">
		<label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Gastric mucosa. (A) Widening of lamina propria with inflammatory infiltration and <italic>Helicobactor pylori</italic> infection (inlet), consistent with chronic active gastritis. (B, C) Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue formation showing lymphoid follicle consisting germinal center (GC), mantle zone (mtlz) and marginal zone (MZ).</p></caption>
		<graphic xlink:href="kjm-83-6-689-1f1.tif"/></fig>

<fig id="f2-kjm-83-6-689-1" position="float">
		<label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), MALT lymphoma and its progression. During <italic>Helicobactor pylori</italic>-induced chronic inflammation, DCs present antigen to T and B cells. Activated B cells express LT&#x003b2; and induce LTO from myofibroblast via LT&#x003b2;-LT&#x003b2;R signaling. LTO cells express VCAM1, ICAM1, podoplanin and several chemokines and growth factors. CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21 recruit B cells, T cells and DCs. VEGF, FGF, HGF induce lymphatic vessel formation. FDCs and FRCs are developed from LTO cells. Organization of these components give rise to MALT formation. With persistent <italic>H. pylori</italic> infection, antigen-dependent lymphoma clones occur and replace the reactive marginal zone cells. Lymphoma cells invade germinal center (follicular colonization) and infiltrate glandular epithelium to form LEL. With progression, genetic alterations occur and induce Ag-independent clones. With acquisition of further genetic alterations, MALT lymphoma could transform to high grade lymphoma. DC, dendritic cell, LT&#x003b2;, lymphotoxin β; LT&#x003b2;-R, lymphotoxin &#x003b2; receptor; LTO, lymphoid tissue organizer; FDC, follicular dentritic cell; FRC, fibroblastic reticular cell, HEV, high endothelial venule, LEL, lymphoepithelial lesion.</p></caption>
		<graphic xlink:href="kjm-83-6-689-1f2.tif"/></fig>

<fig id="f3-kjm-83-6-689-1" position="float">
		<label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Gastric MALT lymphoma. (A) Monocytoid neoplastic cells infiltrate the glandular epithelium to form lymphoepithelial lesion (arrows). (B) Immunostaining for cytokeratin highlights lymphoepithelial lesions (arrows). (C) Immunostaining for CD20.</p></caption>
		<graphic xlink:href="kjm-83-6-689-1f3.tif"/></fig>

<table-wrap id="t1-kjm-83-6-689-1" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>Histological scoring system for gastric MALT lymphoma (World Health Organization/Wotherspoon score)</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead>
	<tr>
		<th align="center" valign="middle">Score</th>
		<th align="left" valign="middle">Diagnosis</th>
		<th align="left" valign="middle">Histological features</th>
	</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Normal</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Scattered plasma cells in lamina propria</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
		<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">No lymphoid follicles</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Chronic active gastritis</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Small clusters of lymphocytes in lamina propria</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
		<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">No lymphoid follicles</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
		<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">No lymphoepithelial lesions</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
		<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Chronic active gastritis with florid lymphoid follicle formation</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Prominent lymphoid follicles with surrounding mantle zone and plasma cells</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">No lymphoepithelial lesions</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Suspicious lymphoid infiltrate, probably reactive</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Lymphoid follicles surrounded by small lymphocytes that infiltrate diffusely in lamina propria and occasionally into epithelium</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Suspicious lymphoid infiltrate, probably lymphoma</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Lymphoid follicles surrounded by marginal zone cells that infiltrate diffusely in lamina propria and into epithelium in small groups</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">MALT lymphoma</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Presence of dense diffuse infiltrate of marginal zone cells in lamina propria with prominent lymphoepithelial lesions</td>
	</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t2-kjm-83-6-689-1" position="float">
<label>Table 2.</label>
<caption><p>GELA histological grading system for the post-treatment evaluation of gastric MALT lymphoma</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead>
	<tr>
		<th align="left" valign="middle">Grade</th>
		<th align="left" valign="middle">Lymphoid infiltrate</th>
		<th align="left" valign="middle">Lymphoepithelial lesions</th>
		<th align="left" valign="middle">Stromal changes</th>
	</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
	<tr>
		<td align="left" valign="top">CR</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Absent or scattered plasma cells and small lymphoid cells in the lamina propria</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Absent</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Normal or empty lamina</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="left" valign="top">pMRD</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Aggregates of lymphoid cells or lymphoid nodules in the lamina Propria, muscularis mucosa, and/or submucosa</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Absent</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Empty lamina propria and/or fibrosis</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="left" valign="top">rRD</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Dense, diffused, or nodular extending around glands in the Focal lymphoepithelial lesion or lamina propria</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Focal lymphoepithelial lesion or absent</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Focal empty lamina propria and/or fibrosis</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td align="left" valign="top">NC</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Dense, diffused, or nodular</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">Present or &#x02018;may be absent&#x02019;</td>
		<td align="left" valign="top">No changes</td>
	</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
	<fn id="tfn1-kjm-83-6-689-1"><label></label><p>GELA, groupe d&#x02019;Etude des Lymphomes de l&#x00060;Adult&#x0003B; CR, complete histological remission&#x0003B; pMRD, probable minimal residual disease&#x0003B; rRD, responding residual disease&#x0003B; NC, no change.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>

</sec>
</back></article>