<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2289-0769</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2015.89.5.487</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-89-5-487</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Special Review</subject>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>췌담도 질환의 최신 지견</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>총담관결석의 내시경 치료</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">The Endoscopic Management of Common Bile Duct Stones</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Dong Uk</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>김</surname><given-names>동욱</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-89-5-487"/>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-89-5-487">
<aff xml:lang="en">Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko">부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-89-5-487" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Dong Uk Kim, M.D.&#x02003; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea&#x02003; Tel: +82-51-240-7869, Fax: +82-51-244-8180, E-mail: <email>amlm3@hanmail.net</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year></pub-date>
<volume>89</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>487</fpage>
<lpage>493</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#x024d2; 2015 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Gallbladder stone, or gallstone, is an endemic condition that affects up to 20% of the general population. Of patients with gallstones, 11-21% also have concomitant common bile duct (CBD) stones. Moreover, in East Asia-including Korea, Taiwan, and Japan-the prevalence of primary CBD stones without gallbladder stones is higher than that in Western countries. CBD stones may be associated with various symptoms and conditions. Therefore, CBD stones must be managed for the prevention of potentially life-threatening complications, such as ascending cholangitis, liver abscess, and acute pancreatitis. During the past 40 years, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has become a widely available and routine procedure for the management of CBD stones. Other interventions include intraoperative bile duct exploration and percutaneous transhepatic stone removal. As a consequence, clinicians are now faced with a number of potentially valid options for managing patients with suspected CBD stones.</p></trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>총담관결석</kwd>
<kwd>내시경 치료</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Choledocholithiasis</kwd>
<kwd>Endoscopic management</kwd>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서론</title>
<p>담낭결석을 가지는 환자의 11-21%는 동시에 총담관결석을 가진다고 알려져 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-89-5-487">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-89-5-487">3</xref>&#x005D;. 총담관결석은 간외담관 내에 결석이 존재하는 상태로, 급성 담도염, 담도성 패혈증, 급성 췌장염 등의 합병증이 발생할 수 있어 제거가 필요하다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-89-5-487">4</xref>&#x005D;. 1990년대 복강경 수술이 널리 확산되면서 복강경 담낭절제술을 시행하면서 총담관을 조영하여 총담관결석이 발견되는 경우 제거를 위하여 총담관탐색술을 많이 시행하였다. 하지만 우리나라의 경우 담낭담석에 동반한 이차성 총담관결석뿐만 아니라 원발성 총담관결석의 비율도 높게 보고되고 있어 담관결석의 제거에서 내시경 치료가 더욱 중요하다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-89-5-487">5</xref>&#x005D;. 최근 수년 사이에 총담관결석을 제거하는 기술과 기구가 발달함에 따라 대부분의 총담관결석은 내시경으로 제거할 수 있게 되었고, 내시경 유두괄약근절개술이나 풍선확장술은 담석제거를 위한 일차적인 시술로 자리잡았다. 약 85-90% 이상의 총담관결석을 통상적인 내시경 치료로 제거가 가능하지만, 일부에서는 거대결석, 담관 협착, 위장관계 수술로 인한 해부학적 변형 등으로 경피적 혹은 수술적 방법이 필요한 경우도 있다. 본고에서는 총담관결석을 제거하는 내시경적인 방법에 대해서 상세히 알아보고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>본론</title>
<sec>
<title>총담관결석의 진단</title>
<p>총담관결석의 최적의 진단을 위해서는 임상증상, 검사실 소견, 초음파검사 또는 복부전산화 단층촬영 등을 종합적으로 판단하는 것이 비용효과적이다. 그에 따라 총담관결석의 진단이 애매할 때 자기공명 담췌관조영술, 내시경초음파 등과 같은 정밀검사를 시행하는 것이 이상적이다. 대한췌담도학회에서는 미국 내시경학회의 가이드라인을 바탕으로 총담관결석이 있을 가능성이 높은 군, 중간 군, 낮은 군으로 구별하여 추가 검사 및 치료방침을 결정할 것을 권고하였다(<xref rid="f1-kjm-89-5-487" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-89-5-487">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-89-5-487">7</xref>&#x005D;. 저위험군(low risk)의 경우는 총담관결석이 있을 확률이 10% 미만으로 진단을 위하여 추가적인 검사가 더 이상 필요 없다. 중등도 위험군(intermediate risk)은 초기 검사에서 총담관결석이 있을 확률이 10-50%인 군이며, 총담관결석의 제거를 위한 내시경역행담췌관조영술이 필요한지를 알아보기 위하여 자기공명 담췌관조영술이나 내시경초음파검사의 추가 검사가 필요하다. 고위험군(high risk)은 총담관결석이 있을 확률이 50% 이상인 군으로 환자 상태에 따라서는 다른 추가 검사 없이 담석 제거 등의 치료를 할 수 있는 내시경역행담췌관조영술을 바로 시행할 수 있다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>총담관결석의 내시경치료</title>
<sec>
<title>합병증 예방을 위한 치료전 주의사항</title>
<p>내시경역행담췌관조영술과 관련된 합병증은 췌장염, 출혈, 천공, 담도계 감염으로 그 발생률과 위험요인이 비교적 잘 알려져 있다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-89-5-487" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-89-5-487">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-89-5-487">10</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>젊은 여성, 정상 빌리루빈, 정상 담도직경, 오디괄약근기능이상 등의 요인이 있으면 시술 후 췌장염이 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 시술 후 췌장염의 위험요인이 있는 환자에서는 합병증의 발생가능성에 대해서 충분히 설명하여야 하며, 시술 시에 불필요한 기구의 조작은 피하도록 특히 주의해야 한다.</p>
<p>출혈은 혈액응고장애, 혈소판 감소증, 항응고제의 사용, 만성신부전, 간경화를 가진 환자에서 잘 발생한다. 따라서 출혈 위험성을 줄이기 위해서는 환자 및 가족의 출혈 과거력, 약물복용력 등을 반드시 확인해야 하며, 혈소판 수치가 50,000-80,000/mm<sup>3</sup> 미만이거나 프로트롬빈 시간이 2초 이상 연장되어 있는 경우 적절히 교정한 후 시술을 시행해야 한다.</p>
<p>담도계 감염을 줄이기 위하여 예방적 항생제를 사용하는 것은 균혈증을 줄이기는 하지만 실제 패혈증이나 담관염을 줄이지는 못하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-89-5-487">11</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 담관폐쇄가 있다거나 패혈증의 양상을 보였던 환자 혹은 면역억제환자에서는 임상적으로 심한 패혈증의 발생을 줄여주는 것으로 나타나 권장된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-89-5-487">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-89-5-487">13</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>무엇보다도 내시경역행담췌관조영술이 꼭 필요한 환자만을 선별적으로 시행하는 것이 불필요한 시술을 줄이고 그에 따른 합병증을 예방하는 데 중요하다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>총담관결석의 통상적인 제거방법</title>
<p>내시경 유두괄약근절개술을 시행하고 풍선도관이나 바스켓을 사용하여 총담관결석을 제거하는 것이 표준 내시경 치료방법이다. 내시경 유두괄약근절개술은 출혈과 천공 등의 합병증을 예방하기 위하여 혼합파(blended current)를 사용하여 유두부의 구측 융기의 상단을 넘지 않도록 11시-12시 방향으로 시행한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjm-89-5-487">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-89-5-487">16</xref>&#x005D;. 최근에는 &#x0201c;endocut&#x0201d;이 개발되어 조직에 주어지는 파장을 자동으로 조절하여, 췌방염의 발생을 증가시키지 않으면서 출혈의 발생률을 낮추었다는 보고가 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-89-5-487">17</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>담석의 제거는 풍선도관이나 바스켓을 사용하게 되는데, 사용이 간편하고 담관 내에 감돈될 위험성이 없는 풍선도관을 우선적으로 사용되는 경향이 있다. 담석의 제거를 원활히 하기 위해서는 담석과 관련된 양성 담관 협착을 미리 조사하여 적절한 담석제거 방법을 선택해야 하고, 다발성 담석은 말단부에서부터 하나 하나씩 제거해야 한다(<xref rid="f2-kjm-89-5-487" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjm-89-5-487">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-89-5-487">19</xref>&#x005D;. 만일, 총담관결석이 완전히 제거되지 않아 추가적인 내시경역행담췌관조영술이 필요한 경우 담관염의 위험성을 감소시키기 위하여 플라스틱 담관스텐트 혹은 비담관배액관을 사용하여 일시적인 담관배액술을 시행하는 것이 안전하다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjm-89-5-487">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-89-5-487">22</xref>&#x005D;. 췌장염의 위험성이 높은 경우 췌관 스텐트를 삽입하는 것이 시술 후 췌장염의 예방효과를 나타낼 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-89-5-487">23</xref>&#x005D;. 특히 어려운 삽관 등으로 예비 절개술을 시행한 경우에는 합병증의 비율이 증가함으로 시술의 합병증을 예방하기 위하여 추가적인 조치들을 시행하는 것이 바람직하다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>거대 총담관결석의 제거방법</title>
<p>바스켓을 이용하여 포획된 결석을 유두부로부터 제거할 수 없는 거대 결석의 경우 통상적으로 기계적 쇄석기를 이용한 쇄석술이 사용된다. 기계적 쇄석술은 기본적인 내시경적 결석 제거술과 같은 기본적인 기술을 필요로 하며 같은 시술의 일부로 시행될 수 있기 때문에 거대 결석의 치료에 효과적인 방법으로 사용될 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-89-5-487">24</xref>&#x005D;. 통상적인 방법으로 제거되지 못한 결석에서 기계적 쇄석술의 성공률은 79-92%로 보고되고 있으며, 흔한 실패의 원인은 결석이 담관 내에 감돈되거나 결석이 3 cm보다 큰 경우이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-89-5-487">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjm-89-5-487">26</xref>&#x005D;. 결석을 포획한 바스켓이 감돈되는 경우 바스켓의 손잡이 부분을 제거하고 바스켓을 그대로 유치해 놓은 상태로 내시경을 빼낸 후 방사선 투시 하에 시행하는 응급 기계적 쇄석술이 유용하게 사용될 수 있다(<xref rid="f3-kjm-89-5-487" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-89-5-487">19</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>내시경 유두괄약근 풍선확장술은 출혈의 위험이 적고, 오디괄약근의 기능을 파괴하지 않으며, 기술적으로 비교적 쉽게 시행할 수 있다는 장점 때문에 유두괄약근절개술의 대안적 방법으로 제시되었으나, 시술 후 췌장염의 발생이 증가하고 이로 인한 사망 사례까지 보고되면서 거의 사용하지 않게 되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjm-89-5-487">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjm-89-5-487">31</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 최근에는 통상적인 방법으로 제거가 어려운 거대 총담관결석 환자에서 내시경 유두괄약근절개술 후 12-20 mm의 풍선도관을 사용하는 내시경 유두괄약근 큰풍선확장술(endoscopic papillary large balloon dilatation)이 안전하고 효과적인 치료 방법으로 여러 연구에서 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-kjm-89-5-487">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjm-89-5-487">35</xref>&#x005D;. 거대 총담관결석 환자에서 내시경 유두괄약근 큰풍선확장술 후 담관결석의 완전 제거율은 95-100%로 높게 보고되어 있으며, 출혈, 천공, 췌장염 등의 합병증은 0-16%로 통상적인 경우와 비슷하다. 다만, 원위부 담관협착이 있는 환자에서 천공 등의 심한 합병증으로 사망한 경우가 있어 시술을 피해야 한다.</p>
<p>담관 내 충격파 쇄석술은 대체로 담도내시경 하에 전기수압 쇄석술(electrohydraulic lithotripsy) 또는 레이저 쇄석술(laser lithotripsy)의 탐침을 결석에 직접 접촉시켜 쇄석술을 시행하여 분쇄된 결석 조각을 바스켓으로 포획하여 제거하는 방법으로 거대 감돈결석에서 가장 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 통상적인 방법으로 내시경적 제거가 어려운 담관결석 치료에서 대개의 경우 1회의 치료로 74-97%의 높은 성공률이 보고되며, 합병증은 담관염과 출혈 등으로 3-19% 정도로 보고된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-kjm-89-5-487">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-kjm-89-5-487">39</xref>&#x005D;. 그 동안 담관 내 충격파 쇄석술은 모자내시경(mother-baby scope system)을 사용하여 두 명의 숙련된 시술자를 필요하였으나, 최근에 그 단점을 극복하기 위하여 SpyGlass Direct Visualization System (Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, MA, USA)이나 극세경내시경을 이용한 직접 경구적 담관내시경검사(direct peroral cholangioscopy)을 사용할 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-kjm-89-5-487">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-kjm-89-5-487">41</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>내시경 역행담췌관조영술을 통한 결석 제거에 실패하는 경우 경피적 경간 담도내시경을 통한 쇄석술(Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy, PTCSL)을 사용할 수 있다. 접근 경로가 되는 누공의 확장 및 완성에 시간을 요하지만 결석의 제거에 있어 높은 성공률이 보고되고 있으며 경구경유두로의 접근이 어려운 경우에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjm-89-5-487">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-kjm-89-5-487">43</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>수술로 변형된 해부학적 구조에서의 제거방법</title>
<p>Billroth II 수술, Roux-en-Y 문합술 등으로 해부학적인 변화가 발생한 환자의 경우 구심성 고리가 너무 길거나 문합 부위의 심한 예각으로 인하여 내시경 진입이 어렵고, 담관 삽관이 통상적인 방향과 반대이기 때문에 삽관 성공률이 낮고, 내시경 유두부절개술 등을 시행하는데 어려움이 있다(<xref rid="f4-kjm-89-5-487" ref-type="fig">Fig. 4</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-kjm-89-5-487">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-kjm-89-5-487">47</xref>&#x005D;. 또한 시술과 관련하여 출혈, 천공 등의 합병증의 발생률이 5-17%로 정상 해부학적 구조를 지닌 환자와 비교하여 더 높다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-kjm-89-5-487">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-kjm-89-5-487">47</xref>&#x005D;. 만일 내시경으로 역행성 접근이 어려운 경우, 총담관결석 환자에서는 담관협착이나 담관의 급격한 굴곡이 없는 경우가 많기 때문에 경피적 경간 담도내시경을 통한 쇄석술(PTCSL)이 비교적 어렵지 않게 시행할 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48-kjm-89-5-487">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-kjm-89-5-487">49</xref>&#x005D;. 결론적으로, Billroth II 수술, Roux-en-Y 문합술로 해부학적인 변화가 발생한 총담관결석 환자는 경험있는 숙련가나 상급 병원에 의뢰하는 것이 바람직하다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>결론</title>
<p>총담관결석은 내시경 유두괄약근절개술을 시행한 후 다양한 바스켓과 풍선도관을 통하여 제거하는 것이 표준술식으로 인정받고 있다. 내시경의사는 내시경역행담췌관조영술 전에 미리 시술과 관련된 합병증의 위험인자를 파악하고, 시술 중에 합병증을 최소화할 수 있는 노력을 기울이는 것이 무엇보다도 중요하다. 지역과 인종에 따라 총담관결석의 자연경과 및 시술에 따른 합병증의 발생빈도가 다르기 때문에, 환자 개개인의 특성을 고려하여 적절한 시술방법을 권유할 수 있도록 해야 한다.</p></sec>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list xml:lang="en">
<title>REFERENCES</title>
<ref id="b1-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Menezes</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Marson</surname><given-names>LP</given-names></name>
<name><surname>debeaux</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Muir</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Auld</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prospective analysis of a scoring system to predict choledocholithiasis</article-title>
<source>Br J Surg</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<fpage>1176</fpage>
<lpage>1181</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b2-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Videhult</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sandblom</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rasmussen</surname><given-names>IC</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>How reliable is intraoperative cholangiography as a method for detecting common bile duct stones? : a prospective population-based study on 1171 patients</article-title>
<source>Surg Endosc</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>304</fpage>
<lpage>312</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b3-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Borzellino</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rodella</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Saladino</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Treatment for retained common bile duct stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the rendezvous technique</article-title>
<source>Arch Surg</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>145</volume>
<fpage>1145</fpage>
<lpage>1149</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b4-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<chapter-title>Clinical manifestation and diagnosis</chapter-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<source>Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts</source>
<edition>1st ed</edition>
<publisher-loc>Seoul</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Koonja</publisher-name>
<year>2008</year>
<fpage>189</fpage>
<lpage>210</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b5-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Yasuda</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Management of the bile duct stone: current situation in Japan</article-title>
<source>Dig Endosc</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>22 Suppl 1</volume>
<fpage>S76</fpage>
<lpage>S78</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b6-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>ASGE Standards of Practice Committee</collab>
<name><surname>Maple</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ben-Menachem</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>The role of endoscopy in the evaluation of suspected choledocholithiasis</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>9</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b7-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Freeman</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sherman</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Complications of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>335</volume>
<fpage>909</fpage>
<lpage>918</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b8-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Rabenstein</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>HT</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bulling</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Analysis of the risk factors associated with endoscopic sphincterotomy techniques: preliminary results of a prospective study, with emphasis on the reduced risk of acute pancreatitis with low-dose anticoagulation treatment</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b9-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Christensen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Matzen</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Schulze</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rosenberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Complications of ERCP: a prospective study</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<fpage>721</fpage>
<lpage>731</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b10-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>10</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fairclough</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Risk factors for complication following ERCP; results of a large-scale, prospective multicenter study</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<fpage>793</fpage>
<lpage>801</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b11-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>11</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Harris</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Torres-Viera</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hammett</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Carr-Locke</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<fpage>718</fpage>
<lpage>724</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b12-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>12</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>BF</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Arguedas</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Wilcox</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with obstructive jaundice: is it worth the cost?</article-title>
<source>Aliment Pharmacol Ther</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>727</fpage>
<lpage>734</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b13-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>13</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Niederau</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Pohlmann</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>
<name><surname>L&#x000fc;bke</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in therapeutic or complicated diagnostic ERCP: results of a randomized controlled clinical study</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<fpage>533</fpage>
<lpage>537</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b14-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>14</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Stefanidis</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Karamanolis</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Viazis</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>A comparative study of postendoscopic sphincterotomy complications with various types of electrosurgical current in patients with choledocholithiasis</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>192</fpage>
<lpage>197</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b15-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>15</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Gorelick</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cannon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Barnett</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chey</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Scheiman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Elta</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>First cut, then blend: an electrocautery technique affecting bleeding at sphincterotomy</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<fpage>976</fpage>
<lpage>980</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b16-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>16</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Verma</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kapadia</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adler</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Pure versus mixed electrosurgical current for endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy: a meta-analysis of adverse outcomes</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<fpage>283</fpage>
<lpage>290</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b17-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>17</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Perini</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sadurski</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cotton</surname><given-names>PB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hawes</surname><given-names>RH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cunningham</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Post-sphincterotomy bleeding after the introduction of microprocessor-controlled electrosurgery: does the new technology make the difference?</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b18-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>18</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Stave</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Osnes</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic gallstone extraction following hydrostatic balloon dilatation of a stricture in the common bile duct</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<fpage>159</fpage>
<lpage>160</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b19-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>19</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Binmoeller</surname><given-names>KF</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Schafer</surname><given-names>TW</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic management of bile duct stones</article-title>
<source>J Clin Gastroenterol</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<fpage>106</fpage>
<lpage>118</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b20-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>20</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Maluenda</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Csendes</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Burdiles</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Diaz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Bacteriological study of choledochal bile in patients with common bile duct stones, with or without acute suppurative cholangitis</article-title>
<source>Hepatogastroenterology</source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>132</fpage>
<lpage>135</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b21-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>21</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bergman</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rauws</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tijssen</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tytgat</surname><given-names>GN</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Huibregtse</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Biliary endoprostheses in elderly patients with endoscopically irretrievable common bile duct stones: report on 117 patients</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<fpage>195</fpage>
<lpage>201</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b22-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>22</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>BC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Sarin</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic biliary drainage by nasobiliary drain or by stent placement in patients with acute cholangitis</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<fpage>439</fpage>
<lpage>443</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b23-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>23</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Fazel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Quadri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Catalano</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Meyerson</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Geenen</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Does a pancreatic duct stent prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis? A prospective randomized study</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>291</fpage>
<lpage>294</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b24-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>24</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Green</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Beckingham</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Guidelines on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS)</article-title>
<source>Gut</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1004</fpage>
<lpage>1021</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b25-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>25</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Shaw</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Mackie</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Results of a multicenter trial using a mechanical lithotripter for the treatment of large bile duct stones</article-title>
<source>Am J Gastroenterol</source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<fpage>730</fpage>
<lpage>733</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b26-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>26</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Garg</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tandon</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ahuja</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Makharia</surname><given-names>GK</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Batra</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Predictors of unsuccessful mechanical lithotripsy and endoscopic clearance of large bile duct stones</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<fpage>601</fpage>
<lpage>605</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b27-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>27</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bergman</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Rauws</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fockens</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Randomised trial of endoscopic balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bileduct stones</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>349</volume>
<fpage>1124</fpage>
<lpage>1129</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b28-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>28</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Yasuda</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Tomita</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Enya</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kato</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Moriwaki</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Can endoscopic papillary balloon dilation really preserve sphincter of Oddi function?</article-title>
<source>Gut</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>686</fpage>
<lpage>691</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b29-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>29</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Fujita</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Maguchi</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Komatsu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic sphincterotomy and endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation for bile duct stones: a prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>155</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b30-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>30</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Arnold</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Benz</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>WR</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adamek</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Riemann</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation vs. sphincterotomy for removal of common bile duct stones: a prospective randomized pilot study</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<fpage>563</fpage>
<lpage>567</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b31-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>31</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>DiSario</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Freeman</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bjorkman</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic balloon dilatation vs. sphincterotomy (EDES) for bile duct stone removal [abstract]</article-title>
<source>Digestion</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<issue>Suppl 3</issue>
<fpage>26</fpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b32-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>32</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Heo</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jung</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic sphincterotomy plus large-balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bile-duct stones</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<fpage>720</fpage>
<lpage>726</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b33-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>33</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Maydeo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bhandari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Balloon sphincteroplasty for removing difficult bile duct stones</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<fpage>958</fpage>
<lpage>961</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b34-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>34</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Minami</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hirose</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nomoto</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Hayakawa</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Small sphincterotomy combined with papillary dilation with large balloon permits retrieval of large stones without mechanical lithotripsy</article-title>
<source>World J Gastroenterol</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<fpage>2179</fpage>
<lpage>2182</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b35-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>35</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Attasaranya</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cheon</surname><given-names>YK</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Vittal</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Large-diameter biliary orifice balloon dilation to aid in endoscopic bile duct stone removal: a multicenter series</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<fpage>1046</fpage>
<lpage>1052</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b36-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>36</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Arya</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Nelles</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Haber</surname><given-names>GB</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>YI</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kortan</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 111 patients: a safe and effective therapy for difficult bile duct stones</article-title>
<source>Am J Gastroenterol</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<fpage>2330</fpage>
<lpage>2334</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b37-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>37</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Swahn</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Edlund</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Enochsson</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Svensson</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lindberg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Arnelo</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ten years of Swedish experience with intraductal electrohydraulic lithotripsy and laser lithotripsy for the treatment of difficult bile duct stones: an effective and safe option for octogenarians</article-title>
<source>Surg Endosc</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<fpage>1011</fpage>
<lpage>1016</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b38-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>38</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Neuhaus</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Zillinger</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Born</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Randomized study of intracorporeal laser lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stones</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>327</fpage>
<lpage>334</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b39-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>39</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Prat</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Fritsch</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Choury</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Frouge</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Marteau</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Etienne</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Laser lithotripsy of difficult biliary stones</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<fpage>290</fpage>
<lpage>295</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b40-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>40</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Maydeo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kwek</surname><given-names>BE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bhandari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bapat</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Dhir</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Single-operator cholangioscopy-guided laser lithotripsy in patients with difficult biliary and pancreatic ductal stones (with videos)</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<fpage>1308</fpage>
<lpage>1314</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b41-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>41</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Moon</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ko</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Direct peroral cholangioscopy using an ultra-slim upper endoscope for the treatment of retained bile duct stones</article-title>
<source>Am J Gastroenterol</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<fpage>2729</fpage>
<lpage>2733</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b42-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>42</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Jan</surname><given-names>YY</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy</article-title>
<source>Br J Surg</source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<fpage>530</fpage>
<lpage>532</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b43-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>43</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Moon</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>YD</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Ryu</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>The role of percutaneous transhepatic papillary balloon dilation in percutaneous choledochoscopic lithotomy</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>232</fpage>
<lpage>236</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b44-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>44</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Hintze</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Adler</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Veltzke</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Abou-Rebyeh</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Endoscopic access to the papilla of Vater for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with billroth II or Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<fpage>69</fpage>
<lpage>73</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b45-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>45</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>BE</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Cass</surname><given-names>OW</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Freeman</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>ERCP in patients with long-limb Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy and intact papilla</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>225</fpage>
<lpage>232</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b46-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>46</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Bergman</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>van Berkel</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bruno</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>A randomized trial of endoscopic balloon dilation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bile duct stones in patients with a prior Billroth II gastrectomy</article-title>
<source>Gastrointest Endosc</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b47-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>47</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Faylona</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Qadir</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Small-bowel perforations related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy</article-title>
<source>Endoscopy</source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<fpage>546</fpage>
<lpage>549</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b48-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>48</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Jeong</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>DU</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic lithotomy as a rescue therapy for removal of bile duct stones in Billroth II gastrectomy patients who are difficult to perform ERCP</article-title>
<source>Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>1358</fpage>
<lpage>1362</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
<ref id="b49-kjm-89-5-487">
<label>49</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Rimon</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Kleinmann</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>
<name><surname>Bensaid</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title>Percutaneous transhepatic endoscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for intrahepatic and choledochal biliary stones</article-title>
<source>Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<fpage>1262</fpage>
<lpage>1266</lpage>
</element-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
<sec sec-type="display-objects" xml:lang="en">
<title>Figures and Table</title>
<fig id="f1-kjm-89-5-487" position="float">
<label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>The pathway of the diagnosis of CBD stones. CBD,common bile duct; CT, computed tomography; MRCP, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; EUS, endoscopic ultrasonography; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; PTBD, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage; US, ultrasonography</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-89-5-487f1.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2-kjm-89-5-487" position="float">
<label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p> Conventional method for the removal of multiple CBD stones. CBD, common bile duct.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-89-5-487f2.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f3-kjm-89-5-487" position="float">
<label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p> Mechanical and emergency lithotripsy for the removal of large CBD stones. CBD, common bile duct.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-89-5-487f3.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f4-kjm-89-5-487" position="float">
<label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Endoscopic CBD stone removal by using a forward-view scope in a Billroth II gastrectomy patient. CBD, common bile duct.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-89-5-487f4.tif"/></fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-kjm-89-5-487" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>The incidence and risk factors of ERCP-related complications</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle"></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Post-ERCP pancreatitis</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Hemorrhage</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Perforation</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Biliary tract infection</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Incidence, % (range)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">3.5 (1.6 -15.7)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">1.3 (1.2 - 1.5)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">0.2 (0.1- 0.6)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Less than 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Risk factors</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Definite</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Definite</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Definite</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cholangitis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Suspected SOD</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Coagulapathy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Malignancy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Use of combined percutaneous-endoscopic procedures</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Young age</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Hemodialysis</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Precut sphincterotomy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Stent placement in malignant strictures</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Normal bilirubin</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Anticoagulation &lt; 3 day after sphincterotomy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Maybe</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Presence of jaundice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">History of post-ERCP pancreatitis</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Visible bleeding during the procedure</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">The performance of a sphincterotomy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Incomplete or failed biliary drainage.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pancreatic duct injection</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Higher bilirubin</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Billroth II anatomy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Low case volume</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pancreatic sphincterotomy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cholangitis before ERCP</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">The intramural injection of contrast</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cholecystitis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Precut sphincterotomy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Lower ERCP case volume</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Prolonged duration of procedure</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Presence of stones in the GB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Balloon dilation of biliary sphincter</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Maybe</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Biliary stricture dilation</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Possibly filling of the GB with contrast during the procedure.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Maybe</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cirrhosis</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">SOD</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Placement of SEMSs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Female gender</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Dilated CBD</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Acinarization</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">CBD stone</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Absence of CBD stone</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Periampullary diverticulum</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Lower ERCP case volume</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Precut sphincterotomy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn><p>ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; SOD, sphincter of Oddi; GB, gallbladder; CBD, common bile duct; SEMS, self-expandable metal stents.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</back></article>