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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2289-0769</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2018.93.2.181</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-93-2-181</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>Roadmap to final diagnosis</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>감염 질환의 현장 검사: 현황과 전망</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases: Present and Future</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Si Hyun</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>김</surname><given-names>시현</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-93-2-181"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Jeong Hwan</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>신</surname><given-names>정환</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-93-2-181"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjm-93-2-181"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-kjm-93-2-181"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-93-2-181">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label>Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Chungbuk, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>1</label>세명대학교 보건바이오대학 임상병리학과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af2-kjm-93-2-181">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label>Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>2</label>인제대학교 의과대학 진단검사의학교실</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af3-kjm-93-2-181">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>3</label>Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>3</label>인제대학교 의과대학 백인제기념임상의학연구소</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-93-2-181" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Jeong Hwan Shin, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, 75 Bokjiro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea Tel: +82-51-890-6475, Fax: +82-51-890-8615, E-mail: <email>jhsmile@inje.ac.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2018</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2018</year></pub-date>
<volume>93</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>181</fpage>
<lpage>187</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#x000A9; 2018 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>현장 검사</kwd>
<kwd>진단</kwd>
<kwd>감염</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<p>빠르고 정확한 감염 질환 원인의 규명은 환자의 적절한 치료에 도움을 줄 뿐 아니라 지역사회에서의 감염의 전파 방지 및 의료 관련 감염의 관리에도 필수적이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-93-2-181">1</xref>&#x005D;. 감염 질환의 검사실 진단은 전통적인 배양이 표준 방법으로 널리 이용되고 있으나 생화학, 면역학적 방법 및 다양한 분자 진단법이 도입되어 이용되고 있다. 최근 검사법의 진단능 향상과 검사 시간 단축을 위한 다양한 시도가 이루어지고 있으며, 이를 바탕으로 다양한 신속 진단법이 개발되어 현장 검사(point-of-care, POC)로 활용되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-93-2-181">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-93-2-181">3</xref>&#x005D;. 이에 저자들은 감염질환의 현장 검사의 원리, 활용 및 검사의 현황에 대해 이야기하고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>본 론</title>
<sec>
<title>감염 질환의 검사실 진단</title>
<p>감염 질환은 다른 질환과 달리 혈액뿐 아니라 객담, 소변, 체액, 변 등 다양한 검체가 진단에 활용되며, 오랫동안 병원체를 직접 검출하는 배양을 표준 검사법으로 이용하여 왔다. 하지만, 배양은 결과 보고에 많은 시간이 소요되고 많은 노동력을 필요로 하며, 검체 내에 존재하는 병원체의 수가 적거나 항생제를 이미 투여한 경우 검사에서 음성으로 나올 수 있는 문제점이 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-93-2-181">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-93-2-181">4</xref>&#x005D;. 분광광도계, 방사능측정기, 형광측정기와 같은 분석기의 발전과 함께 배양 절차 없이 병원체의 항원, 항체를 검출하는 다양한 효소면역검사법(Enzyme immunoassay, EIA)이 개발되어 임상 검사실에서 이용하고 있다. 그러나 병원 검사실에서 이용하는 대부분의 면역 검사 장비는 대형화 되어 있어 현장 검사로 활용하기에 적합하지 않다. 분자진단 검사의 검사 원리인 핵산기반증폭 기술은 민감도와 특이도가 높고 검사시간이 단축되는 장점이 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-93-2-181">5</xref>&#x005D;. 또한 역전사 효소를 이용한 증폭 기술의 발달로 RNA 바이러스의 검출이 가능해졌고, 이로 인해 다양한 바이러스 감염 질환의 진단이 가능하게 되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-93-2-181">6</xref>&#x005D;. 최근 병원 검사실에서의 괄목할 만한 변화는 분자진단 검사가 감염 질환 진단의 1차 검사로 적용되고 있다는 것이다. 호흡기 바이러스 검사는 배양법이 1차 검사였으나 최근 대부분의 검사실에서 분자진단검사를 1차 검사로 활용하고 있다. 임상 검사실에서 보이는 또 하나의 변화는 커다란 검사 장비나 특별한 기술이 있는 인력이 없이도 쉽게 검사할 수 있는 다양한 현장 검사 키트와 시약의 발전이다. 이로 인해 병원 검사실 내에서만 할 수 있었던 검사를 개인 의원에서도 사용할 수 있어 환자의 진료에 적극적으로 활용할 수 있게 되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-93-2-181">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-93-2-181">8</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>현장 검사(point-of-care, POC)</title>
<p>현장 검사란 진료 현장에서 직접 사용이 가능하도록 고안된 검사법을 총칭한다. 세계보건기구(WHO)에서는 이상적인 현장 검사의 기준으로 다음의 &#x0201c;ASSURED&#x0201d;를 제시하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-93-2-181">9</xref>&#x005D;. 이는 구하기 쉽고(affordable), 민감도가 높고(sensitive), 특이성이 있고(specific), 사용하기에 편리하며(user-friendly), 빠르고 확실하면서도(rapid and robust) 설비 없이 이용 가능하고(equipment-free) 상용화된(deliverable) 특성을 의미한다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-93-2-181" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<p>빠르고 정확한 진단 검사는 임상 검사실이 없는 개인 의원 등에서도 필수적이기 때문에 현장 검사의 중요성은 점점 증가하고 있다. 현장 검사의 세계 시장이 2013년부터 2018년까지 연평균 성장률이 9.3%로 추정되며 2018년도에는 275억 달러에 이를 것으로 예상되는 등 향후 현장 검사 진단 시장은 지속적으로 확대될 것으로 기대된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-93-2-181">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-93-2-181">11</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>최초의 현장 검사는 1962년에 개발된 당뇨 환자의 혈당검사를 위한 딥스틱이었고, 이후 임신 반응 검사(1977년)와 휴대용 전해질 검사기기(1990년대)까지 다양하게 발전해 왔다. 현재 상업화되어 활용 가능한 현장 검사로는 다양한 감염병 검사뿐만 아니라, 급성 심근경색, 호르몬, 간기능, 종양 표지자, 유전자 검사 등이 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-93-2-181">12</xref>&#x005D;. 현장 검사는 신속성, 편리성, 저렴한 비용 및 즉각적인 결과 판독이 가능한 점 등으로 인해 진료 현장에서 효율적으로 적용할 수 있다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>단백질 기반 현장 검사(protein-based POC assay)</title>
<p>단백질 기반 현장 검사는 진료 현장에서 가장 널리 이용되고 있는 현장 검사로 크로마토그라피의 원리를 이용한 종이 기반 분석 장치(Paper-based analytical devices, PAD)에 기반을 둔 검사법이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-93-2-181">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjm-93-2-181">14</xref>&#x005D;. 초기의 종이 기반 분석은 시약이 고정된 스트립을 검체에 넣어 화학변화를 검출하는 원리로 고안되었고, 그 후 측면 유동 면역검사법(lateral flow immunoassay, LFIA)이 개발되었다. 현재 항원, 항체의 검출 목적으로 현장 검사에 가장 널리 이용되고 있는 면역크로마토그라피법(Immunochromatographic test, ICT)도 측면 유동 면역검사법에 기반하고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-93-2-181">15</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>ICT는 샘플 패드, 결합 패드, 반응 패드 및 흡수 패드로 구성된다(<xref rid="f1-kjm-93-2-181" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1A</xref>). 샘플 패드에 넣은 검체는 표지 항체(colloidal gold 또는 latex 입자)와 결합하여 모세관 현상에 의해 이동하게 되며 반응패드에서 2차 항체에 의해 포획되어 색 변화가 나타난다. 이러한 색 변화를 시각적으로 판독하게 되므로 별도의 장비가 필요 없고 5분에서 30분내 판독이 가능하여 현장 검사로 유용하게 이용되고 있다. 하지만 ICT는 검체에 포함되어 있는 단백질 농도에 영향을 받기 때문에 대체로 민감도가 낮고 주관적인 해석으로 인한 위양성 및 위음성의 가능성이 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-93-2-181">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-93-2-181">16</xref>&#x005D;. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해 최근 ICT에 광학 스트립 판독기를 도입하여 결과의 객관적 해석이 가능해지고 민감도가 향상되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-93-2-181">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjm-93-2-181">18</xref>&#x005D;. 한편 일반적인 colloidal gold 표식 대신 비색 나노 입자를 도입하여 광학 장비를 이용하지 않고도 민감도를 높일 수 있음이 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-93-2-181">19</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>핵산 기반 현장 검사(nucleic acid-based POC assay)</title>
<p>핵산증폭 검사(nucleic acid amplification test, NAAT)는 중합효소연쇄반응(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)을 이용하여 병원체의 특이적인 염기 서열을 검출하는 진단 방법이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjm-93-2-181">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjm-93-2-181">21</xref>&#x005D;. 그러나 현재 이용하고 있는 일반적인 방법들은 고가의 장비가 필요하고 시간이 오래 걸리며 숙련된 전문가가 필요하다. 이러한 기존의 핵산증폭법의 한계를 극복하기 위해 2000년 Notomi 등&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-93-2-181">22</xref>&#x005D;은 등온에서도 핵산을 증폭시킬 수 있는 루프매개 등온 증폭법(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)을 고안하였다. 루프매개 등온 증폭법은 고가의 기기 없이 열 순환에 소요되는 시간을 단축하여 빠른 검사가 가능하다. 현재 이러한 기술을 기반으로 한 illumigene (Meridian Biosciences) 검사법이 진단에 적용되어 검사 시간을 단축해 주었지만 여전히 핵산 추출 과정을 별도로 진행해야 하는 점은 한계로 남아 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-93-2-181">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-93-2-181">24</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>미세유체 기술(microfluidic device)은 흔히 랩온 어 칩(labon-a-chip, LOC)이라고 불리며 검체의 전처리부터 혼합, 분리 및 분석의 전 과정을 하나의 칩 위에서 수행할 수 있도록 구현할 수 있다(<xref rid="f1-kjm-93-2-181" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1B</xref>). 기존 핵산증폭 검사의 높은 민감도와 특이도를 유지하면서 핵산추출 과정을 동시에 수행하고 검사 시간도 획기적으로 단축시킬 수 있어 현장 검사로 활용하기에 이상적인 조건을 갖추고 있다. 현재 감염 진단 검사에 이용되고 있는 미세유체 기술 현장 검사로는 Alere i (Alere, Scarborough, ME, USA), Nanosphere Verigene (Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX, USA), GeneXpert (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), BD MAX (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), FimArray (Biomerieux, Salt Lake City, UT, USA), Cobas Liat (Roche Diagnostics, Laval, Quebec, CA) 등이 있으며 그 특성은 검사기기마다 조금씩 차이가 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-93-2-181">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjm-93-2-181">28</xref>&#x005D;. 상기의 검사법들은 미세유체칩이 적용된 카트리지를 이용하여 핵산 분리 및 증폭을 시행하고 광학적 및 전기화학적 측정법으로 결과 확인이 가능한 자동화된 장비 플랫폼이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjm-93-2-181">29</xref>&#x005D;. BD MAX는 자동화된 분주 시스템으로 핵산 분석이 진행되며 Nanosphere Verigene는 반응 후 판독기를 이용하여 결과를 판독한다는 점을 제외하고는 모두 카트리지에 검체 주입 후 장비에 장착하기만 하면 다른 과정 없이 결과를 확인할 수 있다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>감염 질환 진단에서 현장 검사의 적용</title>
<p>현재 다양한 현장 검사가 감염 질환의 진단에 활용되고 있다. 관련된 주요 감염증으로는 호흡기 세균 및 바이러스, 감염성 위장관염, 성매개 감염증, 말라리아 등이 있다(<xref rid="t2-kjm-93-2-181" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p>
<p>호흡기 바이러스는 인플루엔자 바이러스와 호흡기 세포융합 바이러스(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV) 등을 개별적으로 검출하는 ICT가 가장 널리 이용되고 있으며, 객관적 판독을 위해 기존의 육안 판독을 보완한 형광판독기의 도입이 증가하고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjm-93-2-181">30</xref>&#x005D;. 반면 기존의 단백질 기반 검사의 낮은 민감도를 극복하기 위해 핵산증폭 검사를 활용한 현장 검사가 소개되고, 궁극적으로 다수의 호흡기 바이러스를 동시에 검출하는 현재의 진단법을 현장 검사에 그대로 적용한 기술도 개발되고 있다. 호흡기 바이러스뿐 아니라 폐렴구균, 레지오넬라, 마이코플라즈마, A형 사슬알균 및 결핵균 등과 같은 호흡기 세균 감염의 신속 진단을 위한 현장 검사도 개발되었다.</p>
<p>감염성 위장관염의 현장 검사는 ICT의 경우 rotavirus와 norovirus를 대상으로 한 현장 검사가 대부분이며, 미세유체 기반 검사의 경우 위의 두 바이러스 외 astrovirus와 adenovirus를 동시에 검출할 수 있게 고안되었다. <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic> 독소의 경우 ICT 및 미세유체기반 검사가 모두 활발이 이용되고 있으며 세균성 설사 원인균들은 대부분 미세유체기반 검사에 근거한 다중 검사 패널로 검사가 가능하다.</p>
<p>호흡기 감염이나 위장관 감염 외에도 뇌수막염 원인균, HIV, A형 간염 바이러스, B형 간염 바이러스 및 일부 기생충의 검출도 현장 검사로 가능하다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>호흡기 감염 질환에서 이용되는 현장 검사</title>
<p>호흡기 바이러스 검출 목적의 현장 검사로 ICT가 가장 널리 사용되고 있다. 대표적인 상품화된 키트로는 SD BIOLINE (Standard Diagnostics, Yongin, Korea), BinaxNOW (Binax, Portland, ME, USA), QuickVue (Quidel, San Diego, CA, USA), BD Directigen (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), QuickNavi (Denka-Seiken, Tokyo, Japan), 등이 있다. SD BIOLINE rapid influenza (Standard Diagnostics)는 국내에서 개발된 제품으로 인플루엔자 A, B를 검출할 수 있으며, 민감도와 특이도는 각각 61.9%, 54.5%와 96.8%, 100%로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjm-93-2-181">31</xref>&#x005D;. BinaxNow (Binax)의 인플루엔자 A, B 및 RSV 민감도는 각각 53-80%, 16-47%, 46.4%로 보고되었고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-93-2-181">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-93-2-181">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-kjm-93-2-181">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-kjm-93-2-181">34</xref>&#x005D;, QuickVue (Quidel)는 인플루엔자 A와 B의 검출은 가능하지만 감별은 불가능하며 그 민감도와 특이도는 47-71%와 95%-96%로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjm-93-2-181">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjm-93-2-181">35</xref>&#x005D;. 호흡기바이러스 항원을 검출하는 ICT 현장 검사는 사용이 간편하고 비용이 저렴하지만 표준 바이러스 배양법에 비해 민감도가 낮기 때문에 고위험군이나 의심이 가는 증상이 있는 경우에는 음성이라도 실시간 정량 RT-PCR법을 통한 재확인을 권고하고 있다. A형 사슬알균의 현장 검사는 SD bioline Sterp A (Standard Diagnostics), BinaxNOW Strep A (Binax), QuickVue In-LineTM Strep A (Quidel), BD LINK2 Strep A (Becton, Dickinson and Company) 등이 있으며 민감도는 77-95%, 특이도는 90-100%로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-93-2-181">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-kjm-93-2-181">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-kjm-93-2-181">38</xref>&#x005D;. ICT는 낮은 민감도가 한계점이며 이를 해결하기 위해 기존의 ICT에 형광을 첨가한 형광면역분석법이 개발되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-kjm-93-2-181">39</xref>&#x005D;. BD Veritor System (Becton, Dickinson and Company), SD Biosensor STANDARD F Analyzer (SD Biosensor, Suwon, Korea) 및 Sofia analyzer (Quidel)가 대표적이며 인플루엔자바이러스, RSV, A형 사슬알균 등의 검출에 활용되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-kjm-93-2-181">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-kjm-93-2-181">40</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>최근 개발된 Alere i Influenza A &#x00026; B (Alere)는 절단효소증 폭(nicking endonuclease amplification reaction)을 이용한 현장 진단이다(<xref rid="t3-kjm-93-2-181" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjm-93-2-181">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-kjm-93-2-181">41</xref>&#x005D;. 이 시스템은 약 15분 이내에 A형 사슬알균과 인플루엔자 바이러스를 검출 가능하며 인플루엔자 A, B, A형 사슬알균의 민감도와 특이도는 각각 97.8%, 91.8%, 98.7%와 85.6%, 96.3%, 98.5%로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-kjm-93-2-181">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjm-93-2-181">42</xref>&#x005D;. Cobas Liat system (Roche)은 미세유체공학과 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응을 기반으로 한 검사법으로 검체의 전처리부터 검출까지 한 튜브 내에서 가능한 자동화 분석법이다. 15분 이내 결과 확인이 가능하며 인플루엔자 A, B, RSV의 민감도는 각각 99.6%, 99.3%, 96.8%로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-kjm-93-2-181">43</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>위장관 감염 질환에서 이용되는 현장 검사</title>
<p>감염성 설사 질환 진단을 위한 주요 위장관 패널은 8종의 병원체를 검출할 수 있는(6종의 세균과 2종의 바이러스) VERIGENE<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> (Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX, USA) Enteric Pathogens Test (EP)과 총 23종의 병원체의 검출이 가능한(13종의 세균, 5종의 바이러스와 5종의 기생충) FilmArray<sup>&#x000ae;</sup> (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel이 대표적이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-kjm-93-2-181">44</xref>&#x005D;. 급성 설사 바이러스 검출 키트 중 SD BIOLINE Rota/Adeno Rapid (Standard Diagnostics)는 rotavrius와 adenovirus의 동시 검출이 가능하며 민감도와 특이도는 각각 94.9%와 100%, 94.8%와 71.4%로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-kjm-93-2-181">45</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p><italic>C. difficile</italic> 독소 검출은 BD MAX&#x02122; Cdiff assay (Becton Dickinson)와 Xpert <italic>C. difficile</italic> assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA)는 단일 검사로 이용 가능하고, Nanosphere verigene enteric pathogen (Luminex)과 FilmArray GI panel (BioFire Diagnostics)은 다중패널 검사 중 하나로 검사가 가능하다. 각 검사법의 민감도는 각각 90%, 96.9%, 98.7%, 97.1%로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-kjm-93-2-181">46</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-kjm-93-2-181">49</xref>&#x005D;. ICT 검사로는 C. DIFF QUIK CHEK (TECHLAB, Blacksburg, VA, USA) 등이 있고 <italic>C. difficile</italic> 독소 A와 B의 동시 검출이 가능하다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-kjm-93-2-181">50</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>현장 검사의 현재와 미래</title>
<p>국내에서는 ICT 기반 현장 검사가 대부분이며, 비교적 저렴한 가격에 빠르게 검사 결과를 확인할 수 있고 별도의 커다란 검사 장비가 필요 없어 개인 의원 등에서 손쉽게 이용하고 있다. 하지만, 낮은 민감도는 지속적으로 검사의 한계점으로 제시되고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위하여 한 다양한 시도가 이루어지고 있고 실제 민감도의 향상이 보고되고 있지만, 검사 원리 자체에 의한 한계의 극복은 매우 어렵다. 분자 진단 검사의 발달과 함께 미세유체 기술에 근거한 다양한 현장 검사들이 개발되고 있다. 기존 분자진단 검사의 장점을 가지면서 자동화, 소형화된 새로운 검사 장비가 지속적으로 개발되어 진료 환경에서 현장 검사의 중요성은 더욱 커질 것이다. 현장 검사의 발달은 3차 의료기관에서의 진료 형태에 많은 변화를 가져올 것이다. 가까운 시일 내에 대형 장비를 이용한 현재의 많은 검사들이 실시간 검사 및 보고를 하는 현장 검사로 대체될 것으로 예측한다.</p>
<p>병원체 특이 항원 또는 유전자의 검출은 감염 질환 진단에 유용한 방법이다. 하지만 C 반응성 단백(C-reactive protein) 또는 procalcitonin와 같이 병원체를 직접 검출하지 않고 감염 질환의 진단에 도움을 주는 바이오마커의 개발 또한 필요하다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>결 론</title>
<p>감염 질환의 현장 검사는 기존의 종이 기반 검사법에서 ICT 및 미세유체 기반의 핵산증폭법에 이르기까지 눈부시게 발전하였다. ICT 검사는 낮은 민감도를 향상시키기 위해 꾸준히 발전하고 있으며, 미체유체기반의 핵산증폭법은 장비의 소형화 및 개별 검사로 일선 진료 현장에서의 활용 증가 및 3차 의료기관에서의 검사 행태에도 큰 변화를 가져올 것이다. 현장 검사는 신속하고 취급이 용이한 장점이 있어 이의 활용은 향후 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 기대되며, 새로운 바이오마커의 개발과 스마트기기와의 조합으로 더욱 향상된 검사법으로 발전하게 될 것이다.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<ack><p>이 논문은 정부(미래창조과학부)의 재원으로 (재)바이오 나노헬스가드연구단(글로벌프론티어연구개발사업)의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구입니다(과제번호 2014M3A6B2060509).</p></ack>
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<title>Figure and Tables</title>
<fig id="f1-kjm-93-2-181" position="float">
<label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p> Schematic diagram of two common point-of-care techniques: lateral flow immunoassay (A) and microfluidics (B). PCR, Polymerase chain reaction. These figures are adapted from the homepages of (A) ABINGDON HEALTH (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.abingdonhealth.com/articles/competitive-inhibition-sandwich-immunoassay-formats-lateral-flow/">https://www.abingdonhealth.com/articles/competitive-inhibition-sandwich-immunoassay-formats-lateral-flow/</ext-link>) and (B) Research in Bio-Optofluidic System Lab (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~nthuang/research.html">http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~nthuang/research.html</ext-link>).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-93-2-181f1.tif"/></fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-kjm-93-2-181" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>WHO &#x0201C;ASSURED&#x0201D; criteria for the ideal point of care test</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">A: Affordable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">S: Sensitive - avoid false negative results</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">S: Specific - avoid false positive results</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">F: User-friendly - simple to perform and requiring minimal training</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">R: Rapid/Robust - to enable treatment at first visit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">E: Equipment - free</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">D: Deliverable - accessible to end users</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t2-kjm-93-2-181" position="float">
<label>Table 2.</label>
<caption><p>Common pathogens and specimens for a commercial point-of-care system based on lateral flow immunoassay</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Pathogen</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Specimen</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Group A <italic>Streptococcus</italic> (GAS)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Pharyngeal swab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Influenza viruses</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Nasal swab/aspirate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Nasal swab/aspirate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Legionella pneumophila</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Urine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Urine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Rotavirus</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Stool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Norovirus</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Stool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Clostridium difficile</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Stool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Giardia lamblia</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Stool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Human immunodeficiency virus</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Blood, Oral fluid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Chlamydia trachomatis</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Vaginal swab, Urine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Malaria</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">Blood</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t3-kjm-93-2-181" position="float">
<label>Table 3.</label>
<caption><p>Commercial point-of-care system based on a microfluidic chip</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Item</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Representative tests</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Alere I (Alere)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Influenza A/B, RSV, Strep A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cobas Liat (Roche)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Influenza A/B, Influenza A/B and RSV, Strep A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">GeneXpert (Cepheid)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>C. difficile</italic>, MRSA, CRE, Strep A, MTB/RIF, Influenza/RSV,</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">BD MAX (Becton Dickinson)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">MRSA XT, <italic>C. difficile</italic>, Staph SR Nasal, GBS,</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Enteric bacterial panel (<italic>Salmonella</italic> spp., <italic>Shigella</italic> spp., <italic>Campylobacter</italic> spp., Shiga toxin 1&amp;2),</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Extended Enteric bacterial panel (<italic>Y. enterocolitica</italic>, <italic>Aeromonas</italic> spp. / <italic>P. shigelloides</italic>, <italic>Vibrio vulnificus</italic>, <italic>parahaemolyticus</italic> and <italic>cholerae</italic>, ETEC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Extended Enteric Viral Panel (Norovirus GI/GII, Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Sapovirus, Astrovirus)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Enteric parasite panel (<italic>G. lamblia</italic>, <italic>E. histolytica</italic>, <italic>C. parvum &amp; hominis</italic>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Vaginal panel (<italic>Lactobacillus spp. G. vaginalis, A. vaginae, BVAB-2 &amp; Megasphaera-1, Candida spp., C. glabrata, C. krusei, T. vaginalis</italic>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5">Verigene (Luminex)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Respiratory Pathogens Flex test (Influenza A/B, Parainfluenza 1/2/3/4, Rhinovirus, RSV, Adenovirus, Human Metapneumovirus, <italic>Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis/bronchiseptica, B. holmesii</italic>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Enteric Pathogens Test (<italic>Campylobacter</italic> group, <italic>Salmonella</italic> spp., <italic>Shigella</italic> Spp., <italic>Vibrio</italic> group, <italic>Y. enter-ocolitica</italic>, Shiga toxin 1/2, Rotavirus, Norovirus)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Clostridium difficile</italic> Test (Toxin A/B, PCR Ribotype 027 hypervirulent strain)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gram-positive Blood culture test (<italic>S.aureus, S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis, S. anginosus</italic> Group, <italic>S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, E. faecium, Staphylococcus spp., Strepcoccus spp</italic>., <italic>Micrococcus</italic> spp., <italic>Listeria</italic> spp., mecA, vanA, vanB)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gram-negative Blood culture test (<italic>E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens</italic>, <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp., <italic>Citrobacter</italic> spp., <italic>Enterobacter</italic> spp., <italic>Proteus</italic> spp., CTX-M, IMP, KPC, NDM, OXA, VIM)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">FilmArray (BioFire Diagnostics)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Respiratory panel (Adenovirus, Coronavirus HKU1, NL63, 229E, OC43, Human Metapneumovirus, Rhinovirus/Enterovirus, Influenza A/B, Influenza A/H1, h3, H1-2009, Parainfluenza 1/2/3/4, RSV, <italic>B. pertussis, C. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae</italic>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Meningitis Panel <italic>(E. coli</italic> K1, <italic>H. influenza, L. monocytogenes, N. meningitides, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae</italic>, CMV, Enterovirus, HSV, Human parechovirus, VZV, <italic>C. neoformans/gattii</italic>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Gastrointestinal panel (<italic>C. jejuni/coli/upsaliensis, C. difficile, P. shigelloides, Salmonella, Y. enterocolitica, V. parahaemolyticus/vulnificus/cholerae, EAEC, EPEC, ETEC, STEC, E. coli O157, EIEC, Crytosporidium, C. cayetanensis, E. histolytica, G. lamblia</italic>, Adenovirus, Astrovirus, Norovirus GI/GII, Rotavirus, Sapovirus)</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</back></article>