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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2289-0769</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2019.94.6.471</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-94-6-471</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>What's new?</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>만성 기침의 새로운 임상 접근법: 최근 진료 지침을 기반으로</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">New Approach to Chronic Cough: An Introductory Guide Based on Recent Clinical Practice Guidelines</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Song</surname><given-names>Woo-Jung</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>송</surname><given-names>우정</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-94-6-471"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Sang-Hoon</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>김</surname><given-names>상훈</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-94-6-471"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjm-94-6-471"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-94-6-471">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label>Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Airway Sensation and Cough Research Laboratory, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>1</label>울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 알레르기내과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af2-kjm-94-6-471">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>2</label>을지대학교 의과대학 을지병원 내과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-94-6-471" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Sang-Hoon Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, 68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01830, Korea Tel: +82-2-970-8365, Fax: +82-2-970-8621, E-mail: <email>ksh1134@eulji.ac.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year></pub-date>
<volume>94</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>471</fpage>
<lpage>484</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>21</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>22</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#x000A9; 2019 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The cough reflex is a vital protective mechanism for the lower airways against aspiration, but when dysregulated, it becomes a clinical problem. Indeed, chronic cough is an important clinical issue as it is common in the general population and causes considerable morbidity. Anatomic diagnostic protocols were the first breakthrough in the management of patients with chronic cough; however, as systematic approaches are not always successful, a new paradigm of cough hypersensitivity syndrome has been proposed. The introduction of this paradigm has provided new opportunities for managing chronic cough, including development of new cough assessment tools and effective cough control therapies. However, it also warranted re-appraisal of existing clinical evidence and refinement of our clinical pathways. Against this background, international and domestic evidence-based practice guidelines based on a strict methodology have been published recently. In this review, we introduce clinical approaches based on the concept of cough hypersensitivity syndrome and discuss key aspects of recently published guidelines for chronic cough in adults.</p></trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>기침</kwd>
<kwd>가이드라인</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Cough</kwd>
<kwd>Guideline</kwd>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<p>기침은 해로운 물질의 흡인(aspiration)으로부터 기관지와 폐를 보호하기 위한 반사 기전이지만, 조절되지 않는 기침은 환자가 병원을 찾는 가장 흔한 문제이기도 하다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-94-6-471">1</xref>&#x005D;. 기침 반사는 흔히 호흡기 바이러스 감염에 의해 과민해지나 대부분 2-3주 이내 자연 호전된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-94-6-471">2</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 일부 환자에서는 기침이 정상화되지 않고 오래 지속되는데, 성인에서 8주 이상 지속될 경우(소아에서는 4주), 자연 호전 가능성이 낮고, 별도의 진단과 치료가 필요한 경우가 많다. 따라서 전문가 집단에서는 이러한 기침을 &#x02018;만성 기침&#x02019;으로 구분하여 다루고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-94-6-471">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>만성 기침은 삶의 질을 심각하게 저해하는 의학적 문제로, 다양한 신체적, 정신적, 사회적 합병증을 야기한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-94-6-471">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-94-6-471">8</xref>&#x005D;. 그중에서도 특히 사회적 합병증이 중요한데, 기침이 감염병의 증상이기도 하여 대인관계의 고립과 사회생활의 문제를 야기할 수 있기 때문이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-94-6-471">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-94-6-471">10</xref>&#x005D;. 지역사회 성인에서 만성 기침 유병률은 세계적으로는 약 10% &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-94-6-471">11</xref>&#x005D;, 한국인에서는 2-5% 정도로 흔한 문제이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-94-6-471">12</xref>&#x005D;. 노인에서 유병률이 높은 특징이 있으므로, 최근 빠른 인구 고령화 추세를 고려할 때 만성 기침의 질병 부담은 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-94-6-471">13</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>만성 기침에 대한 국제 진료 지침은 1990년대 이후 미국흉부의사학회(American College of Chest Physician, ACCP)와 유럽호흡기학회(European Respiratory Society, ERS) 등 전문가 집단을 중심으로 개발되기 시작하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-94-6-471">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjm-94-6-471">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-94-6-471">15</xref>&#x005D;. 이들 진료지침은 미주신경 기침 반사 회로의 해부학적 분포에 기반하여, 기침의 원인 질환&#x02013;특히, 천식, 상기도 및 하기도 염증, 위식도 역류 질환(gastroesophageal reflux, GERD) 등을 체계적으로 진단하고 치료하는 것을 원칙으로 하고, 이러한 접근법을 &#x0201c;해부학적 진단 프로토콜&#x0201d;이라 부른다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-94-6-471">16</xref>&#x005D;. 이러한 체계적 접근법의 성과는 우수한 편으로, 초기 연구에서는 95% 이상의 환자에서 기침이 해결되는 것으로 보고되었으나&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-94-6-471">17</xref>&#x005D;, 2000년대 중반 이후 누적된 임상 경험과 연구 결과를 통해 해부학적 진단 프로토콜이 완벽하지 않음을 알게 되었다. 특히 2, 3차 의료기관을 찾는 만성 기침 환자의 10-40% 정도가 최선의 진단 검사 및 치료 노력에도 불구하고 기침이 잘 해결되지 않았다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjm-94-6-471">18</xref>&#x005D;. 이들은 원인 미상 기침, 설명되지 않는 기침 또는 난치성 기침 등으로 다양하게 명명되었는데, 자신의 진단에 대한 명확한 설명을 듣지 못하고 도움되지 않는 약물에 필요 이상으로 오래 노출되는 등의 문제를 겪는 동시에, 기침으로 인한 여러 정신적, 사회적 문제를 겪으며 좌절하거나 무력감을 경험하는 것으로 알려져 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-94-6-471">10</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>이러한 배경에서 만성 기침의 병태생리와 임상 접근법을 다르게 해석하고자 하는 패러다임의 전환이 2010년대에 유럽 전문가 그룹을 중심으로 시작되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-94-6-471">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjm-94-6-471">20</xref>&#x005D;. 만성 기침을 단순히 다른 질환의 결과 증상이 아닌 &#x0201c;기침 반사의 과민성에 기인하는 독자적인 질병(또는 임상 증후군)&#x0201d;으로 해석하는 것이 타당하다는 관점으로, 2014년 유럽 전문가 그룹에서는 &#x0201c;기침과민증후군(cough hypersensitivity syndrome)&#x0201d;을 만성 기침의 새로운 명칭으로 제시하였고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjm-94-6-471">21</xref>&#x005D;, 2019 ERS 가이드라인에서는 이 패러다임에 기반한 임상 접근법을 제시하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 패러다임 전환의 기저에는 다양한 기침 측정 도구를 활용한 수준 높은 임상시험과 기전 연구의 성과가 뒷받침하고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-94-6-471">23</xref>&#x005D;. 동일한 관점을 기반으로 대한천식알레르기학회에서도 한국인의 질병 역학과 임상 근거를 반영한 만성 기침 진료 지침을 개발하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>&#x005D;. 대한천식알레르기학회 진료 지침은 병력과 신체검진에서 기침 관련 특정 질환을 시사하는 소견이 없는 &#x02018;비특이적 만성 기침&#x02019;을 대상으로 하였고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>&#x005D;, 2019 ERS 진료 지침은 만성 기침의 다양한 표현형을 종합적으로 다루었다는 차이점이 있으나&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;, 이들 진료 지침은 변화하는 패러다임을 기반으로 1, 2차 의료기관에서 활용 가능하도록 비교적 간단한 임상 접근법과 권고안을 개발하였다는 공통점이 있다. 한편, 최근 개정되고 있는 ACCP 진료 지침은 기침을 다른 질환의 증상으로 해석하는 관점에서 문제에 접근하며 다양한 기침 문제에 대하여 각각 독립된 진료 지침의 형태로 자세히 출판하고 있는 점에서 차이가 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-94-6-471">3</xref>&#x005D;. 본고에서는 만성 기침의 변화하는 패러다임과 이에 기반한 새로운 임상접근법을 소개하고, 최근 발표된 진료 지침들의 구체적인 권고안과 향후 개발 방향에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>본 론</title>
<sec>
<title>만성 기침과 기침과민증후군</title>
<p>만성 기침은 기침의 지속 기간(성인에서 8주 이상)을 기준으로 정의되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-94-6-471">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-94-6-471">4</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 지속 기간만으로는 &#x0201c;임상 문제로서의 기침&#x0201d;을 충분히 정의하지 못하며&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-94-6-471">24</xref>&#x005D;, 단지 8주 이상 오래 지속된 기침인 경우 자연 호전이 드물다는(따라서 별도의 진단과 치료가 필요하다는) 시사점을 갖고 있다. 임상적 문제로서의 기침을 규정하는 특징으로는 유병 기간 외에도 기침의 심한 정도, 빈도, 삶의 질 영향 등이 중요하다. 하지만, 병태생리 관점에서 가장 중요한 특징은 기침 반사의 과민성이라고 생각된다. 실제 대부분의 성인 만성 기침 환자들은 본인의 기침이 찬 공기, 건조한 공기, 약간의 먼지나 스트레스, 향수 노출 또는 말하거나 식사하는 등 사소한 자극에 의해 유발된다고 호소한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-94-6-471">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-94-6-471">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjm-94-6-471">27</xref>&#x005D;. 이는 기침의 본연의 보호 기능과는 무관한 과민성 기침에 해당된다. 동시에 환자들은 기침 전후 목이 간질거리거나 가렵고, 목이 조이는 느낌 등 다양한 목의 이상감각을 느낀다고 호소하는데&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-94-6-471">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjm-94-6-471">27</xref>&#x005D;, 이는 후두 감각 신경의 과민성을 시사한다. 기전 연구에서 바이러스 감염, 알레르기 염증, 환경오염 물질, 안지오텐신전환효소 억제제(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ACEi) 등 자극에 의해 기침 반사가 과민해지고, 기침 수용체가 양적 기능적으로 변화하거나 미주신경 신경세포의 형질 전환이 일어날 수 있음이 확인되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjm-94-6-471">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-kjm-94-6-471">37</xref>&#x005D;. 이러한 관찰과 연구 결과 등을 바탕으로 2014년 ERS 전문가 그룹에서는 기침과민증후군을 &#x0201c;사소한 온도, 물리 또는 화학 자극 등에 의해 유발될 수 있는 기침을 특징으로 하는 임상증후군&#x0201d;으로 정의하고, 기침 반사 신경회로의 병태생리가 만성 기침의 가장 중요한 특징이라고 제시하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjm-94-6-471">21</xref>&#x005D;. 이는 난치성 기침에만 국한되는 것이 아닌, 거의 모든 만성 기침 문제에 공통적으로 적용되는 개념이다. 하지만 이 용어와 개념이 아직 많은 임상의사에게 생소하며, 환자의 증상을 통하여 확인할 수 있지만 특정 검사법을 통해 규정할 수 없는 제한점이 있어 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 만성 기침이라는 기존의 용어를 사용하기로 하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 이처럼 만성 기침을 독립된 질환 또는 임상증후군으로 간주하는 움직임이 시작되었지만, 기존 International Classification of Diseases 진단명 체계에서 만성기침이라는 진단명은 아직까지 존재하지 않으며 단지 &#x0201c;기침&#x0201d;이라는 증상 코드만이 존재한다. 이는 기침을 타 질환의 증상으로만 해석해온 기존 관점에 기인하며, 어떤 약도 현재로서는 &#x0201c;만성 기침&#x0201d;의 치료약제로 승인되거나 제도화되지 못하는 문제로 이어질 수밖에 없다. 이를 개선하고자 하는 많은 노력이 현재 진행되고 있으므로 머지않아 만성 기침 또는 기침과민증후군이 독립된 진단명으로 자리잡을 수 있을 것으로 기대되고, 이러한 제도화는 gefapixant &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-kjm-94-6-471">38</xref>&#x005D;를 비롯한 효과적인 새로운 기침 조절 약물의 적응증을 마련하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.</p>
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<title>패러다임 변화에 따른 임상 접근법</title>
<p>새로운 패러다임에 따른 접근법에서도 해부학적 진단 프로토콜의 핵심 원칙은 유효하지만&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;, 과거에는 만성 기침 환자에서 원인 질환을 진단하는 것을 목표로 하였다면, 최근 진료 지침에서는 &#x0201c;기침 과민성을 유발한 요인(cough triggering condition)&#x0201d;을 찾는 것을 목표로 한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 만성 기침의 원인으로 여겨져 온 여러 요인&#x02013;천식, 비염, 부비동염, GERD, ACEi 등은 기침과 흔히 관련되지만 실제는 원인이기보다는 기침 반사를 감작시켜 기침을 유발하는 요인에 가깝다(<xref rid="f1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-kjm-94-6-471">39</xref>&#x005D;. 실제 이들 질환이 있는 환자의 상당수는 심한 기침을 호소하지 않으며, 이들 요인은 기침 반사의 과민성을 유도한다는 기전 연구들이 이러한 해석을 뒷받침한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-94-6-471">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjm-94-6-471">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-94-6-471">23</xref>&#x005D;. 또한, 천식, 비염, GERD 등 전통적인 진단명은 해당 질환과 기침의 기전적 관련성을 구체적으로 설명하지 못하기 때문에, 기침의 원인을 찾기 보다는 &#x0201c;치료 대상 요인(treatable traits)&#x0201d; &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-kjm-94-6-471">40</xref>&#x005D;을 찾는 접근이 더욱 구체적이 될 것이다. 예를 들어, 천식은 여러 병태생리 요인이 있으며 동시에 다양한 표현형이 존재하는데 그중에서도 호산구 기도 염증이 기침과 관련된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-kjm-94-6-471">41</xref>&#x005D;. 비염과 GERD 등 기침과 흔히 관련되는 질환들 역시 그 진단명만으로는 해당 질환의 어떤 요인이 기침과 임상적으로 의미 있게 관련되는지 불명확하다.</p>
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<title>만성 기침의 치료 대상 요인(treatable traits)에 대한 검사 및 치료법</title>
<p>문헌에서 다양한 질환이 만성 기침과 관련되는 것으로 기술되어 있지만 폐실질 이상, 호산구 기관지염, ACEi, 흡연, 세균기관지염(소아) 등 일부를 제외하면 어떤 질환의 어떤 요인이 기침과 의미 있게 관련되는지 명확하지 않다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 즉, 동반되는 현상만으로는 인과를 확증하지 못한다고 할 수 있다. 관찰 연구에서 비염, 부비동염 또는 GERD의 중요성이 강조되었으나, 실제 위약대조 임상시험에서 H1-항히스타민제, 비강 내 스테로이드제 또는 프로톤펌프 억제제(proton pump inhibitor, PPI) 치료 효과는 정도가 크지 않거나 의미를 해석하기 어려웠다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjm-94-6-471">42</xref>&#x005D;. 이러한 관찰 연구와 임상시험의 편차는 자연호전 또는 위약의 효과가 크게 작용하는 기침의 임상적 특성에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서, 만성 기침의 치료 대상 요인을 확인하고 더 구체화하기 위해서는 앞으로도 추가적인 임상시험이 필요하다.</p>
<p>현재 기침의 치료 대상 요인을 찾기 위한 접근은 기존 진료지침과 마찬가지로 자세한 병력 청취와 신체검진 그리고 단순 흉부 X선 촬영에서 시작한다. 또한, 폐기능 검사도 천식과 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) 등 폐쇄성 폐질환 감별에 도움될 수 있다. 병력과 기본 검진 소견에서 특정 요인이 시사될 경우, 확인하기 위한 구체적인 검사 또는 치료를 시행한다(<xref rid="f2-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>). 예를 들어, 흡연 또는 ACEi 복용 중인 환자에서 금연을 권고하고 약제를 중단해보거나, 폐기능 검사상 기도폐색 소견이 있는 환자에서 기관지 확장제 반응 검사를 시행하는 것이다. Sitagliptin은 ACCP 진료 지침에서 기침 유발 약제로 고려되도록 기술되어 있으나&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-94-6-471">3</xref>&#x005D;, 초기 임상시험을 제외한 나머지 모든 결과에서 위약 대비 기침 위험이 증가하지 않은 점에서 기침 환자에서 중단을 고려해야 하는 약물이 아닐 가능성이 높다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-kjm-94-6-471">43</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>병력과 신체검진, 단순 흉부 X선 검사에서 특이 소견이 없는 만성 기침 환자에게 흉부 컴퓨터단층촬영(computed tomography, CT) 검사를 추가로 시행할 것인지는 의료 현장에서 흔히 고민되는 문제이다. 흉부 CT 검사는 X선 검사에서 확인되지 않는 이상 소견을 발견하는 역할이 있지만, 동시에 방사선 노출에 의한 합병증 위험을 증가시킬 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-kjm-94-6-471">44</xref>&#x005D;. 이 질문에 대하여 아직까지 확증적인 연구는 없으며, 여러 관찰 연구에서만 다양한 폐실질 이상이 관찰될 수 있음을 보고하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-kjm-94-6-471">45</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48-kjm-94-6-471">48</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 이들 이상 소견이 환자의 만성 기침과 실제 관련되는 것인지에 대해서 유럽 전문가 집단의 의견은 회의적이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 예를 들어, 흉부 X선 검사에서 확인되지 않는 기관지 확장증이나 폐 결절이 기침의 원인일 가능성은 상당히 낮다는 것이다. 따라서 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 진찰 소견과 흉부 X선 검사가 정상인 환자에서는 흉부 CT 검사를 시행하지 않도록 제안하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>이상의 초기 평가에서 특정 요인이 관찰되지 않는 경우, 다음으로 중요한 단계는 기침 환자의 호산구 기관지염 유무를 확인하는 것이다. 호산구 기관지염은 기침과의 인과성이 비교적 잘 입증되어 있으며, 유도객담 검사가 표준 검사로 확립되어 있고, 스테로이드 또는 항류코트리엔(anti-leukotrienes) 등 치료 약제도 비교적 잘 정립되어 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-kjm-94-6-471">49</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 표준 검사인 유도객담 검사는 기술 난이도가 높아 상당한 인력과 시간이 소요되어 현재 일부 3차 의료기관에서만 시행되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-kjm-94-6-471">50</xref>&#x005D;. 따라서 호기산화질소(fractional exhaled nitric oxide, FeNO) 또는 혈액 호산구 검사가 호산구 기도 염증을 간편하게 반영하는 대체 바이오마커로 큰 관심을 받았다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-kjm-94-6-471">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53-kjm-94-6-471">53</xref>&#x005D;. 이들 검사는 쉽고 간편하며 빠르게 결과를 확인할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 만성 기침 환자 대상 관찰 연구 메타분석 결과, FeNO 검사는 만성 기침 환자에서 기침형 천식(cough variant asthma)의 진단을 비교적 높은 특이도로 예측가능할 것으로 상당한 유용성이 시사되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-kjm-94-6-471">51</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 호산구 기관지염에 대한 특이도는 상대적으로 낮고, 기침형 천식의 진단 기준이 호산구 염증 여부를 직접적으로 포함하고 있지 않은 점에서 관찰 연구 메타분석 결과가 &#x0201c;FeNO 검사가 inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) 치료를 가이드할 수 있는지&#x0201d; 답을 제공할 수 없었다. 가장 이상적인 답은 해당 검사가 치료제 반응을 예측 가능한지 직접적인 위약대조 임상시험을 수행하는 것이지만, 아직까지 그러한 연구는 수행된 적이 없다. 한편, (기침을 포함한) 비특이적 만성 호흡기 증상 환자에서 50 ppb 이상의 FeNO, 또는 500개 이상의 혈중 호산구값 등이 ICS 치료 반응을 예측할 가능성이 제시되었지만&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54-kjm-94-6-471">54</xref>&#x005D;, 이 결과가 호흡곤란이 없는 만성 기침 환자에게도 그대로 적용 가능한지에 대해서는 의문이 남아있다. 이러한 배경에서 대한 천식알레르기학회 진료 지침에서는 기침형 천식과 호산구 기관지염을 진단하기 위한 목적으로 FeNO 검사를 활용하도록 제안한 반면&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>&#x005D;, 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 ICS 치료를 가이드하기 위한 목적으로 FeNO 검사를 활용할지에 대한 권고안을 내는 것을 보류하였다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 확증적인 근거가 나올 경우 권고안들이 개정될 것으로 기대된다.</p>
<p>호산구 기관지염에 대한 평가 없이 만성 기침 환자에게 경험적으로 ICS를 투여해볼 수 있으나 이 경우 치료 효과는 예측하기 어려우며 전반적으로 크지 않다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55-kjm-94-6-471">55</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만, ICS 치료 반응을 예측하는 데 필요한 유도객담 검사가 대부분의 의료 환경에서 시행이 어려운 것이 사실이다. 따라서, 대한천식알레르기학회와 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 만성 기침 환자에서 ICS 경험적 치료를 고려하되 뚜렷한 효과가 없다면 4주 이상 지속하지 않도록 권고안을 제안하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 항류코트리엔제는 임상시험에서 기침형 천식(cough variant asthma) 환자에서 효과가 확인된 바 있고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56-kjm-94-6-471">56</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57-kjm-94-6-471">57</xref>&#x005D;, 호산구 기관지염증과 기전적으로 관련되어 있어&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58-kjm-94-6-471">58</xref>&#x005D;, ERS 진료 지침에서는 천식성 기침(천식 및 호산구 기관지염) 환자에서 경험적 사용을 제안하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 ICS와 달리 항류코트리엔제는 남용의 우려가 있다는 의견에 따라 대한천식알레르기학회 진료 지침에서는 비특이적 만성기침 환자에서의 항류코트리엔제 경험적 치료는 흡입기를 사용하기 어려운 환자에 한하여 제한적으로 고려할 것을 제안한 바 있다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>폐기능 검사는 기도 폐쇄(airway obstruction)를 평가하는 표준 검사법으로, 기침과 관련된 천식 또는 COPD를 확인하는 데 활용될 수 있다. 하지만 만성 기도폐쇄가 있는 만성기침 환자에서 기관지 확장제 치료가 기침 조절에 실제 도움이 되는지는 명확하지 않다. 만성 기침과 가래가 있는 중등도 COPD 환자를 대상으로 시행된 항콜린제 aclidinium 위약 대조 임상실험에서 aclidinium 치료는 기침 및 가래 점수를 유의하게 호전시켰으나 개선 정도가 크지 않았고, 기침 관련 삶의 질 점수는 개선시키지 못하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59-kjm-94-6-471">59</xref>&#x005D;. Fluticasone과 salmeterol에 대한 만성 기관지염 COPD 환자 임상시험에서 이들 약제 단독요법은 위약에 비해 기침을 호전시키지 못하였으며, fluticasone/salmeterol 복합요법은 위약군과 통계적으로 유의한 점수 차이를 보였으나 증상 개선 점수의 차이가 작았고 증상 점수의 임상적 의미가 입증되지 않은 도구가 사용된 점에서 해석에 어려움이 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60-kjm-94-6-471">60</xref>&#x005D;. 이러한 배경에서 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 만성 기도 폐쇄가 있는 환자의 기침을 조절하기 위한 목적으로 ICS와 기관지 확장제 복합요법을 고려할 수 있되, 뚜렷한 효과가 없는 경우에는 4주 이상 지속하지 않도록 제안하였다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>한편, 호흡곤란이나 천명 등이 없는 만성 기침 환자에서 메타콜린 기관지 유발시험의 유용성에 대해서는 전문가 집단 내 서로 다른 견해가 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 알레르기 기도 염증을 반영하는 만니톨이나 알레르겐 기관지 유발시험과 달리 메타콜린 유발시험은 비특이적 기도 과민성을 측정하므로 결과의 임상적 의미를 구체적으로 해석하기 어렵고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61-kjm-94-6-471">61</xref>&#x005D;, 일부 소규모 만성 기침 환자 대상 임상시험에서 메타콜린 기관지 과민성과 ICS 치료반응의 관련성은 관찰되지 않았다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62-kjm-94-6-471">62</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64-kjm-94-6-471">64</xref>&#x005D;. 메타콜린 기관지 유발시험 음성인 호산구 기관지염도 천식처럼 ICS 치료가 효과적이기 때문에, 만성 기침 환자에서 기관지 염증의 측정 없이 단독으로 시행되는 메타콜린 검사의 유용성은 아직 불명확하다. 유도객담이나 FeNO 검사에 메타콜린 기관지 유발시험이 추가적인 치료 지침을 제공해줄 수 있을지 향후 연구가 필요하다.</p>
<p>비염과 부비동염은 오랫동안 만성 기침의 원인으로 고려되어 왔으나, 기침 반사에 직접적으로 관여하는 요인은 아니다. 코 점막은 기침 반사회로와는 달리 3차신경에 의해 지배되며, 코 염증 또는 코 점막에 히스타민 자극은 기침이 아닌 재채기 반사를 유발한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65-kjm-94-6-471">65</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 코 점막의 알레르기 염증은 기침신경중추에 작용하여 미주신경 기침 반사를 과민하게 하는 데 간접적으로 기여할 수 있는 것으로 보이므로 기전적으로 기침 관련성이 있다고 생각된다. 하지만, 임상적으로 비염과 부비동염의 어떤 구체적 치료가 기침 조절에 실제로 의미가 있는지는 명확하지 않다. 1세대 H1항히스타민제는 위약 대비 기침 점수 개선에 유의한 효과를 보였지만, 이러한 효과가 H1 히스타민 경로 조절 효과인지 1세대 약물의 부가적 효과(중추신경계 항콜린 작용 등)에 기인하는지 명확하지 않았다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66-kjm-94-6-471">66</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67-kjm-94-6-471">67</xref>&#x005D;. 2세대 H1 항히스타민제 임상시험의 대부분은 기침 점수를 보고하고 있지 않은데, 일부 보고한 논문에서 알레르기 비염과 천식 환자의 기침 개선에 도움될 가능성을 시사하였으나 천명, 호흡곤란 등도 크게 개선되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b68-kjm-94-6-471">68</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b69-kjm-94-6-471">69</xref>&#x005D;. 따라서, 2세대 H1 항히스타민제를 천식 조절제로 사용하고 있지 않은 현재 천식 진료 지침을 고려할 때 이들 임상 결과만으로 H1항히스타민제의 기침 개선 효과에 대한 결론을 도출하기 어렵다. 한편, 후비루(postnasal drip)도 상기도 질환과 관련된 기침의 기전으로 제시된 적이 있으나, 후비루 자체는 정상적으로 관찰되는 생리 현상이며 치료가 기침 개선에 도움된다는 어떠한 임상 근거도 아직 없다. 한편, 한국 성인 만성 기침 환자 대상 관찰 연구에서 비염, 부비동염 등 상기도 질환이 흔하며&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b70-kjm-94-6-471">70</xref>&#x005D;, 항히스타민제 약제 비용이 저렴하고 부작용을 비교적 예측할 수 있다는 점에서 대한천식알레르기학회 진료 지침에서는 비특이적 만성 기침이 있는 성인 환자에서 H1 항히스타민제를 일차 경험적 치료제로 권고하였다(<xref rid="f3-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>&#x005D;. 다만, 1세대 H1 항히스타민제는 졸림, 어지러움 등 중추신경계 부작용 가능성이 있어 노인에서는 낙상, 골절 등의 합병증 우려가 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b71-kjm-94-6-471">71</xref>&#x005D;. 특히 노인에서 만성 기침의 유병률이 높은 점을 고려할 때&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-94-6-471">13</xref>&#x005D;, 1세대 H1 항히스타민제의 기침 조절 목적 용법의 안전성에 대한 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다. 한편, 2019 ERS 진료 지침 전문가 그룹에서는 비염이 임상적으로 의미 있는 기침 유발 요인이 아니며 1세대 H1 항히스타민제 효과 기전을 해석하기 어렵다는 견해를 바탕으로 H1 항히스타민제를 권고안 개발의 우선 대상에 포함하지 않았다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>GERD 역시 오랫동안 만성 기침의 중요한 원인으로 여겨져 왔으며, 이러한 견해는 PPI 오남용에 대한 우려를 낳기도 하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b72-kjm-94-6-471">72</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b73-kjm-94-6-471">73</xref>&#x005D;. 2006년 ACCP 진료 지침에서는 상&#x000b7;하기도 질환이 없는 등 원인이 명확하지 않은 기침(따라서 당시에는 역류 기침으로 추정된) 환자에게 장기간 또는 고용량 프로톤 펌프 억제제(proton pump inhibitor, PPI) 치료를 권고하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b74-kjm-94-6-471">74</xref>&#x005D;. 이 권고안은 위산 관련 소화기 증상이 없더라도, 흉부 X선 검사가 정상이며 ACEi, 천식, 호산구 기관지염, 비염과 관련되지 않은 만성 기침(따라서 역류 기침이 의심되는) 환자에게 PPI 치료를 지속하면 대부분 기침이 호전되었다는 관찰 연구에 기반한 것이었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b74-kjm-94-6-471">74</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 이후 위약대조 임상시험에서 PPI의 기침 호전 효과는 실제 크지 않음(위산 역류가 있는 기침 환자에서도 기침 증상에 대한 기여도는 크지 않음)을 확인하게 됨에 따라&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjm-94-6-471">42</xref>&#x005D;, ACCP를 포함한 여러 집단의 진료 지침에서는 속쓰림 등 위산 증상이 없는 환자에서는 PPI 치료를 하지 않도록 권고하기 시작하였다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75-kjm-94-6-471">75</xref>&#x005D;. 또한 PPI 사용이 높은 위험은 아니지만 폐렴, 전해질 이상, 골다공증, 치매 등 부작용 발생을 초래할 수 있다는 점도 고려되어야 한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b76-kjm-94-6-471">76</xref>&#x005D;. 최근 진료 지침들은 PPI 치료에서 위산 역류 증상을 현실적인 바이오마커로 제안하고 있지만 예측력은 높지 않다. 한편, 비산 역류(non-acid reflux)가 만성기침에 중요한 병태생리라는 견해가 최근 제기되고 있지만&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b77-kjm-94-6-471">77</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b78-kjm-94-6-471">78</xref>&#x005D;, 아직까지 만성 기침 환자에서 역류 억제제와 위식도 운동 개선제의 기침 개선 효과를 평가한 위약대조 임상시험은 없다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79-kjm-94-6-471">79</xref>&#x005D;. 위장관 운동 개선 효과가 있는 azithromycin이 일부 만성 기침 환자의 기침 관련 삶의 질 개선에 도움될 수 있으나 이들 연구에서 위식도 운동 지표를 측정하지 않아 효과의 기전은 명확하지 않다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b80-kjm-94-6-471">80</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b81-kjm-94-6-471">81</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>만성 기관지염은 소아 만성 기침 환자에서 항생제에 듣는 지속 세균 기관지염 진단을 시사하는 중요한 단서이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82-kjm-94-6-471">82</xref>&#x005D;. 소아에서 적절히 치료받지 않은 만성 기관지염은 기관지 확장증 발생의 위험을 증가시킬 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b83-kjm-94-6-471">83</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 성인에서 만성 기관지염의 임상 시사점은 아직 알려져 있지 않다.</p>
<p>이상에서 살펴본 것처럼 만성 기침의 치료 대상 요인을 찾는 과정은 아직 명확하지 않은 부분이 많다. 특히 부족한 부분은 치료 효과를 예측할 수 있는 간편하고 유용한 바이오마커가 별로 없다는 점이다. 이러한 한계점을 인식하고 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 치료 대상 요인을 찾기 위한 단계적 경험적 치료(sequential therapeutic trials)를 제안하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 단계적 경험적 치료에서 중요한 점은 투약의 기대 효과를 예상해야 하며, 동시에 투약을 중단하는 기준(stopping rule)을 정해야 한다는 것이다. 환자의 병력과 검진 소견, 역학자료를 바탕으로 한 가지씩 약제를 순차적으로 투여하되, 약제의 특성과 임상시험 결과를 고려하여 일정 기간(대부분 4주) 이내 효과가 없다면 중단하고 다른 약제 또는 검사를 고려하도록 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>기침 조절 치료(cough control therapy)</title>
<p>해부학적 진단 접근법에도 해결되지 않는 원인 미상 또는 난치성 기침 환자에서는 기침 과민성 자체에 대한 치료가 고려된다(<xref rid="f2-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-kjm-94-6-471">84</xref>&#x005D;. 현재까지 위약대조 임상시험을 통해 효과가 입증된 기침 조절 치료법으로는 morphine, gabapentin, pregabalin 등 기침 신경조절 약물(cough neuromodulatory drug)과 비약물 기침 조절법 등이 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85-kjm-94-6-471">85</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b89-kjm-94-6-471">89</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>기침 반사의 과민성이 만성 기침의 중요한 병태생리이지만, 직접적인 기침 조절 치료는 유발 요인을 찾고 치료하기 위한 해부학적 접근법을 충분히 적용한 다음에도 기침이 지속되는 경우에만(난치성 또는 원인미상의 만성기침 환자에게만) 적용되어야 한다(<xref rid="f3-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-kjm-94-6-471">84</xref>&#x005D;. 기침 유발 요인이 남아 있는 환자에서 codeine이나 gabapentin 단독 요법의 효과는 입증되어 있지 않으며, 치료되지 않은 기관지염이나 역류는 건강 위해를 유발할 수도 있다. 또한, 기침 조절 약물이 흡인에 취약한 노인 등에서 흡인 폐렴의 위험을 높이지 않는지 검증이 필요하다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-94-6-471">13</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>ERS 진료 지침에서는 난치성 기침 환자에서 일차 치료 약제로 저용량 morphine 용법을 권고한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 현재 처방 가능한 약물 가운데 가장 효과적이며, 저용량 용법의 부작용이 변비, 어지러움 등으로 예측 가능하고 대부분 경미하다는 임상 경험에 기반한다. 하지만 임상에 적용할 때 중요한 점은 morphine 치료가 약 50% 이하 환자에서만 효과가 있으며, 약제 반응군은 첫 투약 후 수시간 또는 1주 내에 극적인 개선효과를 보인다는 점이다. 이러한 특징에 기반하여 ERS 진료 지침에서는 1-2주 이상 투여 후에도 기침이 개선되지 않는 환자에서는 morphine 투약을 중단하도록 권고하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 이 권고안을 한국을 포함한 많은 나라에 그대로 적용하기는 어렵다. Morphine은 기침 조절 목적으로 허가되어 있지 않으며, morphine의 전구약물(pro-drug)인 codeine만이 사용가능하기 때문이다. 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서 codeine을 권고하지 않은 이유는 cytochrome P450 2D6 유전적 변이에 의해 codeine 약물 대사가 크게 영향을 받아 그 효과를 예측하기 어렵기 때문이다. 이러한 배경에서 대한천식알레르기학회 진료 지침에서는 codeine 사용을 고려하도록 제안하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>&#x005D;. 다만, 약제 반응군의 특징은 거의 같기 때문에, 1-2주 투여 후 기침이 개선되지 않은 환자에서는 codeine을 중단하도록 한다. 한편, 2015 ACCP 진료 지침에서는 미국 내 마약 오남용의 우려가 높아 morphine에 대한 권고안을 도출하지 않았다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-kjm-94-6-471">84</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>Gabapentin과 pregabalin은 난치성 기침 환자 대상 임상시험 결과가 고무적이어서 많은 기대를 받았으나&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b86-kjm-94-6-471">86</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b87-kjm-94-6-471">87</xref>&#x005D; 실제 임상 경험에서는 기침 개선 효과가 크지 않고 부작용이 빈번한 문제가 제기되었다. 중추 신경계 작용하는 약물 특성상 실제 기침 횟수를 감소시키기 보다는 주관적으로 기침 영향 인지 정도에 더 많은 영향을 줄 가능성이 있다. 따라서 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 gabapentin과 pregabalin은 morphine 효과가 없는 난치성 기침 환자에서 고려해볼 수 있는 2차 약물의 위치로 제안되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. 한편, 대한천식알레르기학회 진료 지침에서는 codeine과 gabapentin, pregabalin 가운데 우선 순위를 부여하지 않았다. 한편, amitriptyline은 codeine과의 대조 임상시험에서 기침 조절 효과 가능성이 시사되어 대한천식알레르기학회 진료 지침 권고안에 포함되었다(<xref rid="t1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b90-kjm-94-6-471">90</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>비약물 기침 조절법은 아직 국내에는 정식으로 도입되어 있지 않으나, 기침 유발 요인을 회피하고 후두 자극을 줄이며 의식적으로 기침을 억제하기 위한 행동을 습득하는 것을 목표로 하는 방법이다. 이 치료법은 전문가에 의해서만 시행되어야 하는 복잡한 프로토콜로서, 전문가에 의해 시행하지 않은 경우는 불확실한 효과, 불필요한 시간과 비용 문제가 있을 수 있다. 또한, 기관지 확장증 등 환자 기저 질환에 따라 비약물 기침 조절법을 신중하게 적용해야 하는 경우도 존재한다. 현재 이 치료법은 원인 미상 또는 난치성 기침 환자에게 권고되고 있으나&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-kjm-94-6-471">84</xref>&#x005D;, 사실상 부작용이 없는 치료법이므로 향후에는 치료 적응증이 난치성 기침을 넘어 기저 폐질환이 없는 만성 기침 환자에게 확장될 가능성이 있다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>진료실에서 기침을 평가하는 도구</title>
<p>권고안으로 다루어지지는 않았으나 실제 진료실에서 유용한 내용이므로, 본고에서는 기침을 평가하는 도구에 대하여 간략히 소개하고자 한다. 기침의 심한 정도는 빈도, 강도, 삶의 질에 대한 영향, 기침 충동(urge to cough), 기침 반사 과민성 등 여러 영역으로 평가될 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b91-kjm-94-6-471">91</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b92-kjm-94-6-471">92</xref>&#x005D;. 기침의 빈도는 주관적인 설문과 객관적 모니터링 도구를 통하여 정량화될 수 있는데, 설문을 활용한 주관적 빈도 점수 측정은 객관적으로 측정된 빈도와 잘 비례하지 않아 유용성이 제한적이다. Leicester Cough Monitor 또는 VitaloJak 등 잘 검증된 도구를 사용하여 객관적으로 측정된 기침 빈도는 현재 기침약 임상시험에서 가장 중요한 결과 변수로 활용된다. 다만, 24시간 동안 녹음해야 하는 문제가 있어 진료 목적으로 활용하기 어렵다. 기침의 삶의 질 영향은 임상 문제로서의 기침 특성을 잘 반영하는 지표로서, Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ), Cough-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire 등 잘 검증된 설문 도구들이 있으며 LCQ의 경우 한글판도 활용 가능하다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b93-kjm-94-6-471">93</xref>&#x005D;. 하지만 이 지표도 진료실에서 활용하기에는 설문 분량이 많은 편이다. 따라서 2019 ERS 진료 지침에서는 종이 형식의 시각아날로그척도(visual analogue scale, VAS)를 기록하도록 하거나, 구두로 환자에서 기침 점수를 매기도록 하는(0-10점) 방법을 제안하고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>&#x005D;. VAS 도구는 주관적이므로, 예를 들어 같은 60점이더라도 환자마다 기침의 심한 정도는 다를 수 있다는 제한점이 있고, 치료 후 변화 점수 정도의 임상적 의미를 해석하기 어려운(몇 점이 좋아지면 임상적으로 의미가 있는지 알기 어려운) 단점이 있다. 하지만 동일인에서는 재현성이 우수하여 실제 환자 치료 과정에서 기침 호전과 악화를 추적하기 용이하므로 진료실에서 도구로 추천된다.</p>
<p>한편, 최근 기침 또는 후두 과민 증상을 측정하는 설문도구들이 개발되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b94-kjm-94-6-471">94</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b95-kjm-94-6-471">95</xref>&#x005D;. 그중에서 기침 과민 설문(cough hypersensitivity questionnaire, CHQ)을 활용하여 최근 한국 만성 기침 환자에서 증상 정도를 평가한 결과, 기침과 관련된 후두 이상 감각과 기침을 유발하는 환경 또는 행동 자극의 정도로 측정된 CHQ 점수는 LCQ 기침 삶의 질 점수와 기침 VAS 점수와도 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjm-94-6-471">26</xref>&#x005D;. 이 도구가 기침과민증후군을 진단하는 목적으로 활용 가능한지는 아직 알 수 없으나, 기침 과민 증상 평가가 임상적으로 유용할 가능성을 시사하였다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>현재 진료 지침의 제한점</title>
<p>이상에서 살펴본 것처럼 기침 과민성을 중심으로 하는 새로운 패러다임이 제안됨에 따라 진료 지침과 권고안도 새롭게 개발되고 있다. 하지만 아직까지 대부분의 진료 지침 권고안은 소수의 연구에 기반하고 있고, 기침 특성에 대하여 충분히 기술되어 있지 않은 제한점이 있다. 위약효과와 자연호전효과가 큰 기침의 특성을 고려할 때&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjm-94-6-471">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55-kjm-94-6-471">55</xref>&#x005D;, 위약대조군이 포함된 엄격한 임상시험이 필요한 부분도 기침에 대한 임상근거 개발을 더디게 하는 요인이다. 하지만, 합당한 기침 평가 도구들이 개발되고 신약 개발이 성공함에 따라 향후 진료지침에는 권고안이 더욱 구체화될 것으로 예상된다. 또한, 만성 기침의 &#x0201c;치료 대상 요인&#x0201d;이 일부를 제외하고는 아직 구체적이지 않으며, 이를 찾아내기 위하여 활용 가능한 바이오마커 역시 제한적이다. 따라서 현재의 진료 지침의 권고안 상당수는 경험적 치료에 국한되어 있다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>결 론</title>
<p>만성 기침을 단지 다른 질환의 결과 증상이 아닌, 기침 반사 회로 과민성에 기인하는 독립된 질환으로 해석하는 새로운 패러다임이 제안되면서 만성 기침의 치료에는 새로운 기회의 장이 열리게 되었다. 따라서 신약 개발과 동시에, 기존의 임상근거를 재해석하고 접근법을 개선하는 방향으로 진료지침이 개발되고 있다. 아직 진료 지침 개발의 근간이 되는 임상시험의 숫자가 많지 않은 제한점이 있으나, 새로운 진료 지침들은 진료와 임상 근거 개발에 대한 방향과 틀을 제공한다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 갖는다.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
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<sec sec-type="display-objects" xml:lang="en">
<title>Figures and Table</title>
<fig id="f1-kjm-94-6-471" position="float">
<label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Paradigm for chronic cough. (A) Anatomic diagnostic protocol: chronic cough is considered the outcome of other chronic diseases that affect anatomically relevant cough reflex pathways. (B) Cough hypersensitivity syndrome: chronic cough hypersensitivity (aberrant neuropathophysiology of the cough reflex) is a major driver of chronic cough. Commonly associated conditions are triggers or modulators of the cough reflex pathways. Modified from reference [39] with permission. GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-94-6-471f1.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f2-kjm-94-6-471" position="float">
<label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Clinical approach to adult patients with chronic cough based on the paradigm of cough hypersensitivity syndrome [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>].</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-94-6-471f2.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f3-kjm-94-6-471" position="float">
<label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Approach to non-specific chronic cough in Korean adults (age ≥ 15 years), suggested in the 2018 KAAACI evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for chronic cough in Korean adults. Modified from reference [5] with permission. ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LTRA, leukotriene receptor antagonist; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjm-94-6-471f3.tif"/></fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-kjm-94-6-471" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>Major recommendations and nemarics in recent guidelines for chronic cough in adults</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Treatment (or investigation)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Revised ACCP guidelines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-94-6-471">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75-kjm-94-6-471">75</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-kjm-94-6-471">84</xref>]<sup><xref rid="tfn1-kjm-94-6-471" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></sup></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2019 ERS guidelines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-94-6-471">22</xref>]</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">2018 KAAACI guidelines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-94-6-471">5</xref>]</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">H1-antihistamines</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not published</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not included</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Empirical trial of H1-antihistamines is recommended for adults with nonspecific chronic cough (strong recommendation, very low-quality evidence).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">ICSs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not published</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">A short-term ICS trial (2-4 weeks) is suggested in adult patients with chronic cough (conditional recommendation, low-quality evidence).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Empirical use of ICS is suggested for adults with nonspecific chronic cough (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence). Short-term (2-4 weeks), high-dose ICS treatment is recommended as an empirical regimen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Inhaled bronchodilators</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not published</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">A short-term trial (2-4 weeks) of an ICS and long-acting bronchodilator combination is suggested in adults with chronic cough and fixed airflow obstruction (conditional recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not included</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Anti-leukotrienes</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not published</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">A short-term antileukotriene trial Q.-A weeks) is suggested in adults with chronic cough, particularly those with asthmatic cough (conditional recommendation, low quality evidence).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Empirical use ofLTRAs is not suggested for adults with nonspecific chronic cough (conditional recommendation, very low quality of evidence). Short-term ICS therapy is preferred over LTRAs as an empirical treatment for asthmatic cough in nonspecific chronic cough. However, LTRAs might be more suitable for patients with difficulty using inhalers. As with the use of ICSs, objective documentation of asthmatic or eosinophilic cough justifies long term treatment. Otherwise, only short-term (2-4 weeks) treatment is recommended.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Proton pump inhibitors</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">In adult patients with suspected chronic cough due to reflux-cough syndrome, but without heartburn or regurgitation, we recommend against using PPI therapy alone because it is unlikely to be effective in resolving the cough (Grade 1C).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">We suggest that clinicians do not routinely use anti-acid drugs in adult patients with chronic cough (conditional recommendation, low-quality evidence).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Empirical use of PPIs is not suggested for adults with nonspecific chronic cough (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough and a negative workup for acid gastroesophageal reflux disease, we suggest that proton pump inhibitor therapy not be prescribed (Grade 2C).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Cough neuromodulators</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest a therapeutic trial of gabapentin as long as the potential side effects and the risk-benefit profile are discussed with patients before use of the medication, and there is a reassessment of the risk-benefit profile at 6 months before continuing the drug (Grade 2C).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">We recommend a trial of low-dose morphine (5-10 mg bd) in adult patients with chronic refractory cough (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">For adults with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest the use of low-dose opioids to control cough (conditional recommendation, low quality evidence). Currently, codeine is the only opioid approved for anti-tussive use in South Korea Due to frequent side effects, careful consideration of the benefit-harm balance is recommended.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">We suggest a trial of gabapentin or pregabalin in adult patients with chronic refractory cough (conditional recommendation, low-quality evidence).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">For adults with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest the use of gabapentin, pregabalin or amitriptyline (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence). However, the use of these agents as antitussives has not been approved in South Korea. As adverse reactions were very frequent, shared decision-making with patients based on the benefit and harm is important.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Non-pharmacological cough control therapy</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">In adult patients with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest a therapeutic trial of multimodal speech pathology therapy (Grade 2C).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">We suggest a trial of cough control therapy in adult patients with chronic cough (conditional recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). However, this is a complex intervention that requires further study to determine which components are of value. Thus, experienced practitioners should undertake cough-directed physiotherapy and speech and language therapy intervention.</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">For adults with unexplained chronic cough, we suggest the use of multi-dimensional behavioral therapy (or speech pathology therapy) (conditional recommendation, very low quality of evidence).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Chest CT</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not published</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">We suggest that clinicians do not routinely perform a chest CT scan in patients with chronic cough who have a normal chest X-ray and physical examination (conditional recommendation, very low-quality evidence).</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Not included</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">FeNO</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Not published</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Research recommendation; there is a need for convenient and practical tests for predicting anti-inflammatory treatment responses in patients with chronic cough. Placebo-controlled trials are warranted to assess their utility and also consensus is required on the threshold levels in patients with chronic cough.</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">For adults with chronic cough, we suggest the use of FeNO measurement to predict asthma (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">For adults with non-asthmatic chronic cough, we suggest the use of FeNO measurement to predict eosinophilic bronchitis (conditional recommendation, low quality of evidence).</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn><p>ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; ERS, European Respiratory Society; KAAACI, Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LTRA, leukotriene receptor antagonist; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux; CT, computed tomography; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide.</p></fn>
<fn id="tfn1-kjm-94-6-471"><label>a</label><p>At the time of this review, the revised ACCP guidelines for different phenotypes of chronic cough had not been published. Thus, only the recommendations for reflux cough and unexplained cough are provided [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-94-6-471">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75-kjm-94-6-471">75</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84-kjm-94-6-471">84</xref>].</p></fn>
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