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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2289-0769</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2020.95.1.31</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-95-1-31</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>Interpretation of diagnostic test</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>간세포암의 진단과 치료에서 종양표지자의 역할</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Roles of Tumor Markers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>Young</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>장</surname><given-names>영</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-95-1-31"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jang</surname><given-names>Jae Young</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>장</surname><given-names>재영</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-95-1-31"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-95-1-31"/>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-95-1-31">
<aff xml:lang="en">Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko">순천향대학교 부속 서울병원 소화기내과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-95-1-31" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Jae Young Jang, M.D., Ph.D. Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Korea Tel: +82-2-709-9114, Fax: +82-2-795-3687, E-mail: <email>jyjang@schmc.ac.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2020</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2020</year></pub-date>
<volume>95</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>35</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>13</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#x000A9; 2020 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>There are a wide variety of tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies are ongoing regarding the roles of tumor markers in screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic prediction of HCC. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) can be very useful for HCC surveillance, prognostic prediction, and treatment response evaluation in high-risk patients with HCC. Other tumor markers such as PIVKA-II and AFP-L3% have also been proven to be effective in HCC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognostic prediction; these markers are increasingly used with serum AFP in clinical trials. However, the roles of tumor markers in surveillance are poorly understood and still controversial, requiring further research. HCC surveillance in at-risk population is a critical issue in management of HCC. Further data regarding the predictive value and cost-effectiveness of tumor markers could facilitate their uses in HCC surveillance.</p></trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>간세포암</kwd>
<kwd>종양표지자</kwd>
<kwd>Alpha-Fetoprotein</kwd>
<kwd>PIVKA-II</kwd>
<kwd>AFP-L3%</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Carcinoma hepatocellular</kwd>
<kwd>Biomakers, tumor</kwd>
<kwd>Alpha-Fetoprotein</kwd>
<kwd>PIVKA-II</kwd>
<kwd>AFP-L3%</kwd>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<p>원발성 간암은 전 세계적으로 6번째로 흔한 암이며, 암 관련 사망률 4위를 차지하는 중대한 질병으로&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-95-1-31">1</xref>&#x005D;, 간세포암은 원발성 간암의 75-95%를 차지하는 가장 흔한 형태이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-95-1-31">2</xref>&#x005D;. 간세포암에서 종양표지자는 다른 암종에서와 마찬가지로 진단 및 치료 반응평가, 치료 후 추적 관찰에 유용하게 사용된다. 또한, 간세포암은 정기적인 선별 검사가 암을 조기에 진단하여 완치적 목적의 치료 기회를 높임으로써 생존율을 향상시키는 것이 입증되어 있어&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-95-1-31">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-95-1-31">4</xref>&#x005D;, 간세포암의 종양표지자는 이러한 선별 검사에서도 유용하게 사용되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-95-1-31">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-95-1-31">6</xref>&#x005D;. 본고에서는 간세포암의 다양한 종양표지자를 소개하고 간세포암의 진단과 치료에 대한 임상적 유용성에 대하여 기술하고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>본 론</title>
<sec>
<title>Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)</title>
<p>Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)은 간세포암의 대표적인 종양표지자로 쉽게 측정이 가능하고, 비싸지 않아 가장 흔히 사용 중이며 연구도 가장 많이 이루어져 왔다. 특히 지속적으로 AFP가 높은 경우, 간세포암 발생의 위험인자로 입증되어 있어 간세포암의 고위험군을 선별하는 데 유용하게 사용될 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-95-1-31">7</xref>&#x005D;. 간 초음파 검사와 AFP 측정은 간세포암 선별 검사 단독으로 적용하였을 때 예측력이 다소 미흡하여 불완전한 검사이지만 상호 보완적인 측면이 있다. AFP 측정과 간 초음파 검사를 간세포암의 선별 검사로 시행하였을 때 간세포암 발견에 대한 민감도와 특이도는 각각 64.3%, 91.4%로 간 초음파 검사의 민감도(71.4%), 특이도(93.8%)에 비해 다소 민감도가 떨어지는 것으로 보고되었지만&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-95-1-31">8</xref>&#x005D;, 간 초음파 검사 단독으로 시행하였을 때(63%)에 비해 간 초음파 검사와 AFP 측정을 함께 시행하였을 때 간세포암 발견의 민감도가 70%까지 증가하는 것으로 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-95-1-31">9</xref>&#x005D;. 특히 간경변증 환자를 대상으로 할 경우, 간 초음파 검사 단독의 민감도는 45%였지만 AFP 측정을 병행하였을 때 63%로 더 우수한 민감도를 보였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-95-1-31">10</xref>&#x005D;. AFP와 같은 종양표지자를 이용한 종양 감시 검사법의 효율은 기준치를 어떻게 정하는지에 따라 달라질 수 있고, 인구집단 내 간세포암 유병률에 따라서도 다양하게 나타날 수 있기 때문에 간세포암의 선별 검사로 AFP 측정을 적용할지에 대해서는 유병률 및 발생률에 근거하여 국가별로 다르게 권고되고 있다. 유병률이 상대적으로 낮은 유럽에서는 고위험군에서 간세포암 선별 검사로 간 초음파 검사만을 권고하며 AFP를 비롯한 종양표지자의 측정은 비용 대비 효율성 측면에서 권고하지 않지만 간세포암의 유병률이 높은 한국과 일본에서는 고위험군에서 간 초음파 검사와 함께 AFP 측정을 통해 간세포암 선별 검사를 권고하고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-95-1-31">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-95-1-31">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-95-1-31">11</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>간세포암 예측을 위한 적절한 AFP의 한계값(cutoff value)에 대해서는 연구마다 다르게 보고하고 있지만 일반적으로 20 ng/mL로 제시되고 있으며, AFP의 한계값을 20 ng/mL로 설정하였을 때 민감도 41%에서 60%, 특이도 80%에서 94%로 보고되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-95-1-31">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-95-1-31">13</xref>&#x005D;. AFP의 한계값을 200 mg/mL까지 높이면 특이도는 매우 높아지지만 민감도가 22%까지 떨어지는 결과를 보였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-95-1-31">13</xref>&#x005D;. 또한, AFP값은 간세포암뿐 아니라 HBV나 HCV의 활성도에도 영향을 받기 때문에 항바이러스제로 바이러스가 효과적으로 억제된 상황에서는 AFP 한계값을 6-13 ng/mL로 낮추어도 민감도가 높은 동시에 위양성 사례도 적기 때문에 예측력이 매우 우수한 것으로 보고된 바 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjm-95-1-31">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-95-1-31">15</xref>&#x005D;. 같은 맥락에서 간질환의 원인에 따라 다른 한계값을 설정하여 AFP의 예측력을 높이는 모델이 제시된 바 있고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-95-1-31">16</xref>&#x005D;, 최근에는 AFP를 일정 시점에서 20 ng/mL 기준으로 판단하는 것보다 시간에 따른 변화를 확인하는 것이 민감도와 특이도를 높인다는 결과가 보고되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-95-1-31">17</xref>&#x005D;. 이처럼 간세포암의 선별 검사로서 AFP의 예측력을 높이기 위한 여러 시도들이 이루어지고 있으며, 다른 진단 기술과 병용하여 사용한다면 매우 유용한 검사이다.</p>
<p>간세포암의 선별 검사와는 달리 진단에 있어서는 AFP의 역할에 제한이 있다. 초기 단계의 간세포암에서는 AFP가 정상인 경우가 드물지 않고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjm-95-1-31">18</xref>&#x005D;, 간세포암 이외에도 간염 바이러스의 활성화 혹은 간세포의 활발한 재생과 같은 상황에서도 AFP가 상승할 수 있기 때문에&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-95-1-31">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjm-95-1-31">20</xref>&#x005D; 임상적 판단이 필수적이며, AFP만으로 간세포암을 진단할 수는 없다. 이러한 이유로 국제 가이드라인뿐 아니라 한국과 일본에서도 간세포암의 진단 기준으로서는 AFP가 제시되지 않는다. 다만 진단시의 AFP는 간세포암 환자의 예후를 예측하는 데 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. AFP의 상승은 수술 후 재발&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjm-95-1-31">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-95-1-31">22</xref>&#x005D;, 이식 후 생존 및 재발&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-95-1-31">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-95-1-31">25</xref>&#x005D;, 국소 치료에의 반응&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjm-95-1-31">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjm-95-1-31">27</xref>&#x005D; 그리고 진행성 간암에서 생존&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjm-95-1-31">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjm-95-1-31">29</xref>&#x005D;을 예측하는 중요한 예측인자로 다수의 연구에서 보고되었다. 또한 치료 후 추적 관찰 시에도 computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging 등의 영상의학적 검사와 함께 AFP를 비롯한 종양표지자의 추적 검사가 추천된다. 치료 전 AFP가 상승되어 있었던 경우, 치료 후 추적에서 치료 반응 및 재발 여부를 판단할 수 있는 유용한 지표로 활용된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjm-95-1-31">30</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>AFP 이외의 기타 종양표지자</title>
<p>AFP 이외에도 여러 가지의 혈청 표지자들이 간세포암의 종양표지자로서 연구되고 있다. 대표적으로 prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence II (PIVKA-II)-혹은 dex gamma carboxy prothrombin (DCP)- 그리고 AFP 중 lens culinaris lectin에 결합하는 특정 AFP만 측정한 AFP-L3%가 있고, alpha-fucosidase, glypican-3도 연구 중이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjm-95-1-31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-kjm-95-1-31">34</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>한 체계적 고찰 연구에 따르면 5 cm 미만의 간세포암에 대한 PIVKA-II의 예측력은 PIVKA-II의 한계값을 40 mAu/mL로 설정 시 민감도 14-54%, 특이도 95-99%였고, 한계값을 100 mAu/mL로 설정 시 민감도 7-56%, 특이도 72-100%로 한계값 40 mAu가 더 좋은 예측력을 보였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjm-95-1-31">35</xref>&#x005D;. 최근 조기 간세포암 진단에 대한 PIVKA-II와 AFP의 예측력을 비교한 메타분석에서는 AUROC 0.84 vs. 0.68로 PIVKA-II의 예측력이 더 우수하다고 보고하였으나 funnel plot 분석 결과 출판편향의 가능성이 있고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-kjm-95-1-31">36</xref>&#x005D;, 다른 대규모 연구에서는 3 cm 미만의 간세포암에 대해서는 AFP가 우수하였으나 5 cm 이상의 간세포암에 대해서는 PIVKA-II의 예측력이 AFP보다 우수한 것으로 보고하였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-kjm-95-1-31">37</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>AFP-L3%는 lens culinaris agglutinin A에 결합하는 특정 AFP의 비율로 양성 간질환 환자에 비해 간세포암 환자에서 증가하는 것으로 확인되어, 간세포암의 종양표지자로 활발히 연구되고 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-kjm-95-1-31">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-kjm-95-1-31">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-kjm-95-1-31">40</xref>&#x005D;. 한 체계적 고찰 연구에서는 5 cm 미만의 간세포암에 대한 AFP-L3의 예측력을 한계값 10%에서 민감도 22-33%, 특이도 93-94%, 한계값 15%에서 민감도 21-49%, 특이도 94-100%로 한계값 15%가 더 우수한 예측력을 보였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjm-95-1-31">35</xref>&#x005D;. 총 AFP 10 ng/mL 미만에서는 AFP-L3%를 측정하기 어려운 한계점이 있으나, 최근 총 AFP 10 ng/mL 미만에서도 AFP-L3%를 측정할 수 있는 새로운 진단법이 개발되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-kjm-95-1-31">41</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>이들 종양표지자는 간세포암의 선별 검사로서보다는 진단과 예후 예측을 위한 도구로서 활발히 연구되고 있다. 특히 PIVKA-II는 간세포암의 문맥 침범, 미세전이 및 진행병기와 관련이 있고&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjm-95-1-31">42</xref>&#x005D;, AFP-L3%는 간세포암의 빠른 증식과 관련이 있는 것으로 보고되었으며&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-kjm-95-1-31">40</xref>&#x005D;, 이 두 종양표지자는 간세포암의 위험도 평가를 위한 검사로 미국 식품의약국(Food and Drug Administration)의 승인을 받았다. 하지만 이들 종양표지자는 AFP와는 달리 선별 검사 목적의 연구보다는 유병률이 상대적으로 높은 환경에서 연구되어 왔기 때문에 고위험군에서 시행하는 간세포암의 선별 검사 혹은 진단 목적으로는 근거가 아직 미약하여 권고되지 않는다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>결 론</title>
<p>간세포암은 상당히 다양한 종양표지자가 있으며, 간세포암의 선별 검사와 진단, 치료, 예후 예측에 있어 종양표지자의 역할에 대한 연구가 상당히 활발하게 이루어져 왔다. 혈청 AFP는 간세포암의 고위험군에서 선별 검사와 예후 예측, 치료 반응 평가에 매우 유용하게 이용될 수 있다. PIVKA-II와 AFP-L3%도 최근 간세포암의 진단 및 추적, 예후 예측에 대하여 효용성이 입증되고 있는 종양표지자로서 AFP와 함께 임상에서 점차 활용 빈도가 높아지고 있지만 선별 검사로서 역할에 대해서는 근거가 미약하여 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 간세포암의 진료에 있어 고위험군의 선별 검사는 매우 중요한 이슈로, 추가적인 연구가 이루어진다면 예측력이 높은 동시에 비용대비 효과가 뛰어난 선별 검사로서 종양표지자가 주요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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