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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2289-0769</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2020.95.4.260</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-95-4-260</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>Interpretation of diagnostic test</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>생체신장이식 수혜자 및 공여자 평가</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the Recipient and Donor in Living Kidney Transplantation</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Ha Yeol</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>박</surname><given-names>하열</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-95-4-260"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Byung Chul</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>신</surname><given-names>병철</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-95-4-260"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-95-4-260"/>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-95-4-260">
<aff xml:lang="en">Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko">조선대학교병원 신장내과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-95-4-260" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Byung Chul Shin, M.D. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Philmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61453, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-3967, Fax: +82-62-234-9653, E-mail: <email>bcshin@chosun.ac.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2020</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2020</year></pub-date>
<volume>95</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>260</fpage>
<lpage>265</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>8</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#x000A9; 2020 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. A successful kidney transplant improves the quality of life and reduces the mortality risk of patients, as compared to maintenance dialysis. The number of patients awaiting kidney transplantation has steadily increased, and the gap between allograft supply and demand continues to widen despite initiatives to expand the use of nonstandard deceased-donor allografts. The use of organs from living donors is one strategy to address the need for transplants. A medical, surgical, and psychosocial evaluation is mandatory prior to living kidney donation to ensure that the donor candidate is in good health and has normal kidney function, is not a risk to the recipient with respect to transmission of infections and malignancy, and will not face unacceptable risks after donation.</p></trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>생체신장이식</kwd>
<kwd>수혜자</kwd>
<kwd>공여자</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Kidney transplantation</kwd>
<kwd>Living donor</kwd>
<kwd>Transplant recipient</kwd>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<p>신장이식은 신대체요법 중에서 가장 효과적인 치료법이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-95-4-260">1</xref>&#x005D;. 성공적인 신장이식은 투석 환자와 비교해서 삶의 질을 향상시키고 환자의 사망률을 감소시킨다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-95-4-260">2</xref>&#x005D;. 신장이식을 위해서는 반드시 공여자가 있어야 하며, 공여자는 생체 공여자(living donor)와 뇌사자 공여자(deceased donor)로 나뉜다. 2019년 국내 신대체요법 현황에 따르면 국내 신장이식 환자는 총 20,119명으로 전체 신대체요법을 받는 환자의 19.4%를 차지한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-95-4-260">3</xref>&#x005D;. 신대체요법을 받아야 하는 말기 신부전 환자에서는 혈액투석과 복막투석요법과 신장이식에 대해 함께 설명한다. 신장이식을 원하는 환자는 생체 공여자가 있는 경우는 환자(수혜자)와 공여자가 함께 신장이식 전 검사를 받도록 하며, 생체 공여자가 없는 경우는 질병관리본부 장기이식관리센터에 뇌사자 신장이식 대기자로 등록하도록 한다. 본고에서는 생체신장이식 환자의 수혜자 및 공여자 검사와 평가를 소개하고 생체신장이식에 대한 임상적 유용성에 대하여 기술하고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>본 론</title>
<sec>
<title>수혜자 평가</title>
<p>만성 콩팥병 환자로 사구체 여과율이 30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> 미만인 경우는 신장이식에 대한 평가를 실시한다. 잠재적인 수혜자의 초기 평가는 병력과 신체 검사, 기능 및 정신 사회적 평가, 선별 검사와 정밀 검사로 구성된다. 이 초기 평가의 목적은 신장이식 후 수혜자의 생존에 영향을 줄 수 있는 동반 질환을 확인하는 것이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-95-4-260">4</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>초기 평가에는 다음과 같은 병력을 철저히 조사하는 것으로 시작한다. 만성 콩팥병의 원인 질환과 신장이식 후 재발 위험, 이전에 신장조직 기록 확인, 가족력 또는 유전 콩팥 질환 유무, 수혈이나 임신 또는 이전 이식 병력과 같은 감작 위험, 심혈관 질환이나 말초혈관 질환, 당뇨병, 암, 급성 감염, 예방접종, 폐질환, 위궤양, 담석, 대장이나 간질환, 혈전증, 요로감염이나 결석과 같은 비뇨기계 질환, 우울증이나 불안장애와 같은 신경정신과 병력, 알코올 및 약물중독증 여부, 복부 수술과 같은 수술 병력 등을 포함한다. 사회복지사를 통해 경제적 상태를 평가해야 하며, 정신상태 평가를 위해 신경정신과에 진료를 의뢰한다. 신장이식 수혜자는 이식의 잠재적 위험과 이점, 평생 면역억제제 복용의 필요성, 약물과 추적 관찰의 필요성에 대한 이해를 입증할 수 있어야 한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-95-4-260">5</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<sec>
<title>선별 검사와 정밀 검사</title>
<p>평가에 필요한 선별 검사는 혈액혈 검사, 일반 혈액 검사(complete blood count and differential), 혈액 생화학 검사(blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolyte, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, liver function tests, glucose), 당뇨 환자에서는 당화혈색소, 응고 검사(prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time), 부갑상샘호르몬 농도, B형 및 C형간염 바이러스, 인간면역결핍 바이러스, 거대세포 바이러스, EB 바이러스, 수두 바이러스, 매독 등이며, 소변 검사와 소변 배양 검사를 실시하고 단백뇨의 양을 측정한다. 가임기 여성은 임신반응 검사를 한다. 혈액형 불일치 환자의 경우, 항체 역가(isoagglutinin titers)를 측정해야 한다.</p>
<p>잠복 또는 활동성 결핵을 배제하기 위해 결핵 검사(tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay)를 실시한다. 흉부 X선 검사와 심전도 검사를 실시하며 심혈관 질환 위험도에 따라 심장 초음파, 운동부하 검사, 심혈관 조영술을 실시한다. 고령 수혜자에게는 폐기능 검사를 시행한다. 50세 이상 에서는 대장암 선별을 위해 대장 내시경 검사를 실시하고 바렛(Barrett&#x02019;s) 식도 병력이 있는 경우는 위식도 내시경을 실시한다. 50세 이상의 남성에서는 전립선 특이 항원을 측정하고, B형 및 C형간염 바이러스 양성 환자는 알파 태아 단백(Alpha-fetoprotein, AFP)을 측정한다. 21세부터 65세 사이 여성은 자궁경부 도말 검사를 실시하고 35세 이상 여성은 유방 촬영술을 실시한다. 치과 검사도 실시한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>신장이식의 금기</title>
<p>신장이식의 절대 금기는 <xref rid="t1-kjm-95-4-260" ref-type="table">표 1</xref>과 같다. 고령이 이식의 절대적 금기는 아니며, 동반 질환 및 전신상태 등을 고려하여 시행 여부를 결정할 수 있다. 60대와 선별된 70세 이상의 환자가 안전하게 신장이식을 실시하고 장기간 안정된 이식 신장의 기능을 유지한다는 보고도 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-95-4-260">6</xref>&#x005D;. 그러나 이식에 대한 평가에서 환자의 예상 기대 수명이 예상되는 신장대기 시간을 초과하고, 제한된 기대 수명이 이식의 효과를 최소화하는 경우에는 신장이식을 권장하지 않는다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>동반 질환에 따른 상대적인 금기</title>
<p>활동성 감염과 만성 간질환은 신장이식의 상대적 금기이다. 만성 B형간염이나 C형간염 환자는 HBV DNA, HCV RNA를 측정하여 이식 전 약물 치료 후 신장이식을 실시한다. 이식 전 간조직 검사를 실시하여 다리 섬유화(bridging fibrosis)나 간경화증이 있는 경우는 신장이식 단독보다는 간신장 동시이식을 고려한다. 급성 및 만성 담낭염을 동반한 담석증은 담낭절제술 후 신장이식을 실시한다. 대장 용종, 게실, 염증성 장질환의 경우, 대장 내시경을 실시하여 평가 및 치료 후에 신장이식을 실시한다. 활동성 소화성 궤양은 신장이식의 상대적 금기로 출혈, 천공의 위험이 높으므로 내시경적으로 치료를 확인한 후에 신장이식을 실시해야 한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-95-4-260">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-95-4-260">8</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>심혈관 질환은 신장이식 후 환자에서 가장 흔한 사망 원인으로, 면밀한 평가 후 신장이식을 실시한다. 진행형의 증상이 있는 협심증, 3-6개월 이내의 급성 심근경색증, 심혈관 중재술이 불가능한 심한 허혈성 관상동맥 질환은 신장이식의 상대적 금기이다. 모든 당뇨 환자와 말초혈관 질환이 있는 환자는 관상동맥 질환에 대한 평가를 실시하고 신장이식을 실시한다. 심부전 환자도 원인을 교정하고 신장이식을 실시한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-95-4-260">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-95-4-260">11</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>상염색체 우성 다낭신증 환자에서 두통이나 뇌동맥류 가족력이 있는 경우는 자기공명 뇌혈관 조영술(magnetic resonance angiography)을 실시하고 신장이식을 실시한다. 루푸스 신염환자에서 심한 보체 감소와 항이중가닥 DNA 항체(anti-dsDNA) 증가가 있는 경우, 6-12개월 이상 활동성이 없어진 후에 신장이식을 실시한다. 항사구체기저막 질환(anti-GBM disease)이나 항중성구세포질항체(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) 연관 혈관염 환자에서는 이식 전 6개월 동안 음성으로 전환된 후에 신장이식을 실시한다. 용혈 요독 증후군(hemolytic uremic syndrome) 환자는 생체 혈연 신장이식을 하면 재발할 위험이 높으므로 비혈연간 이식이나 뇌사자 신장이식을 시행한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-95-4-260">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-95-4-260">15</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>악성종양의 병력이 있는 경우는 재발을 고려하여 종양에 따라 완치된 후 2-5년의 관찰 기간을 가진 후에 신장이식을 실시한다. 림프절 전이가 있는 유방암, 진행된 대장직장암, 악성 흑색종, 침습성 자궁경부암은 5년의 재발 여부에 대한 관찰 기간이 필요하고 피부 기저세포암, 편평상피암 또는 방광상피내암은 관찰 기간이 필요 없다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-95-4-260">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-95-4-260">19</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>공여자 평가</title>
<p>우리나라는 금전 거래를 통한 신장 공여를 법으로 금지하고 있으며, 생체 신장 공여자의 범위를 직계 및 4촌 이내의 가족 혈연간 공여자와 배우자 비혈연간 공여자로 제한한다. 공여자에게 정신사회적 평가도 필요하다. 면담을 통해 공여자 본인의 확실한 의지를 확인한다. 직업, 고용상태, 건강보험, 사회적지원 등을 확인하고 사회사업실 면담이 필요하다.</p>
<p>공여자 평가에서 가장 먼저 해야 할 검사는 혈액형과 교차반응 검사(crossmatch)이다. 혈액형 불일치나 교차반응 양성의 경우에는 수혜자에게 탈감작 치료에 대한 효과와 위험도를 설명한다. 항적혈구 또는 항HLA 항체를 수술 전후에 제거하는 혈장교환술과 같은 시술을 시행하고, 항체를 만드는 B림프구를 체내에서 제거하는 약제들(rituximab 등)을 사용한다. HLA 조직형 검사를 실시하여 이식 상담을 지원하고 공여자가 두 명 이상일 때 적합자를 선정하는 데 사용한다. 그러나 HLA 조직형 부적합이 신장이식 수술의 성공 여부를 결정하지는 않는다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjm-95-4-260">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjm-95-4-260">21</xref>&#x005D;. 생체 신장 공여자의 항목은 병력 청취, 신체 진찰, 검사실 검사와 영상 검사 등이 있다(<xref rid="t2-kjm-95-4-260" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p>
<p>병력 청취에는 콩팥 질환, 고혈압, 당뇨병, 악성종양, 심혈관 질환, 폐질환, 자가면역 질환, 소화기 질환, 신경계 질환, 혈액 질환, 비뇨기계 질환, 가족력 유무 등을 모두 포함해야 한다. 여성 공여자는 임신반응 검사를 실시하고 임신 중 고혈압이나 추후 출산 여부를 확인한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-95-4-260">22</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>신체 검사에서 혈압과 비만도를 확인한다. 고혈압의 정의는 각 지역 기준에 따라 정의하며, 진료실 혈압이 높을 때는 24시간 활동 혈압을 측정한다. 두 개 이하의 항고혈압제로 140/90 mmHg 이하로 조절되며, 표적 장기 손상이 없는 경우는 공여자로 가능하다. 비만도는 그 지역에서 정의한 체질량 지수 기준에 따라 측정하며, 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> 이상일 경우는 수술 후 합병증이 증가할 뿐만 아니라 향후 당뇨병, 고혈압 등 신기능 저하가 발생할 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-95-4-260">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-95-4-260">24</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>소변 검사에서는 단백뇨와 혈뇨를 확인한다. 단백뇨는 24시간 소변이나 단회뇨 단백뇨 또는 알부민-크레아티닌 비로 검사한다. 24시간 단백뇨 양 &#x0003e; 300 mg 또는 24시간 요 알부민 &#x0003e; 30 mg일 때는 공여자에서 제외한다. 혈뇨는 고혈압이나 단백뇨가 동반되는 경우, 공여자에서 제외한다. 단독 혈뇨(isolated hematuria)인 경우, 비뇨기과적 악성종양과 사구체 질환에 대한 정밀 검사가 필요하며, 신장조직 검사를 시행하여 선별적으로 공여자로 선택한다. 혈뇨를 동반하는 40세 이상의 공여자는 방광경 검사를 실시한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-95-4-260">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjm-95-4-260">26</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>혈액 화학 검사에는 크레아티닌을 이용한 추정 사구체 여과율, 공복 혈당, 전해질, 지질 검사 등을 포함한다. 24시간 소변 화학 검사에는 단백뇨 또는 알부민뇨, 크레이티닌 청소율, 각종 전해질 검사를 실시한다. 심장 및 방사선학적 검사에서 심전도, 흉부 X선 검사, 복부 초음파 검사를 실시한다. 생체 신장 공여자로 선정되면 신동맥 혈관촬영 또는 신장 CT 혈관술을 실시한다.</p>
<p>신장 기능 평가는 혈청 크레아티닌 농도만으로 평가해서는 안되며, 혈청 크레아티닌을 이용한 사구체 여과율 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>로 평가한다. 초기 측정 후 24시간 소변 검사를 이용한 크레아티닌 청소율과 <sup>99m</sup>TC-DTPA를 이용한 사구체 여과율을 측정하여 확인한다. 사구체 여과율이 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> 이상일 경우는 공여를 고려하며, 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> 일 경우는 개개인의 건강상태에 따라 판단한다. 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> 미만일 경우는 공여자에서 제외한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjm-95-4-260">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjm-95-4-260">29</xref>&#x005D;. 감염 질환을 확인하기 위해서는 B형 및 C형간염 바이러스, 인간면역결핍 바이러스, 거대세포바이러스, EB 바이러스, 매독 검사와 요로감염 검사를 실시한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjm-95-4-260">30</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>생체 신장 공여자의 제외 조건에는 18세 이하, 조절되지 않는 고혈압, 당뇨병, 급성 감염, 정신과적 장애 및 약물 중독, B형 및 C형간염 바이러스 양성, HIV 양성, 신장결석, 혈전색전증 병력, 심한 심혈관 질환, 비뇨기과적 장애 등이 있다. 악성종양의 병력이 있거나 일부 유전 질환을 가지고 있는 경우는 공여자에서 제외한다(<xref rid="t3-kjm-95-4-260" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>) &#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjm-95-4-260">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-kjm-95-4-260">33</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>결 론</title>
<p>신장이식은 말기 신부전 환자에서 사망률을 낮추고 삶의 질을 향상시켜주는 가장 효과적인 치료 방법이다. 신장이식의 이점과 위험도를 수혜자와 공여자에게 충분히 설명하고 평가한다. 신장이식을 준비할 때 정신건강의학과 병력을 포함한 개인력과 악성종양이나 유전성 질환 등의 가족력 및 심리사회적 평가를 실시한다. 공여자의 자발적인 의지와 수혜자의 정신적인 장애, 규칙적인 약물 복용 및 의사 지시 이행성 여부도 평가한다. 생체신장이식 수혜자와 공여자 평가는 신장내과, 이식외과, 마취통증의학과, 이식 코디네이터, 사회 사업실 등 다학제팀을 중심으로 의학적이고 윤리적으로 결정함으로써 좋은 결과를 거둘 수 있을 것이다.</p>
</sec>
</body>
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<sec sec-type="display-objects" xml:lang="en">
<title>Tables</title>
<table-wrap id="t1-kjm-95-4-260" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>Absolute contraindications of a recipient for kidney transplantation</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Absolute contraindication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x02003;</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Active infection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Active malignancy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Active substance abuse</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Reversible kidney failure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Uncontrolled psychiatric disease</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Documented active and ongoing treatment nonadherence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Significantly shortened life expectancy</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2-kjm-95-4-260" position="float">
<label>Table 2.</label>
<caption><p>Checklist of a living kidney donor</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">History and physical examination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x02003;</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Personal history of medical conditions: hypertension, coronary artery disease, lung disease, heart disease, gastrointestinal disease, autoimmune disease, neurologic disease, genitourinary disease, hematologic disorder, history of cancer, history of infections, and allergies</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Kidney-specific personal history: genetic kidney disease, kidney disease (proteinuria and hematuria), kidney injury (diabetes), nephrolithiasis, recurrent urinary tract infections</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Active and past medications: nephrotoxic medication, chronic use of pain medication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Family history: coronary artery disease, cancer, kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Social history: occupation, employment, health insurance status</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Physical examination: vital signs, examination of all major organ systems, height and weight, body mass index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Laboratory and imaging tests</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Complete blood count with platelet count, blood type, prothrombin time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR), partial thromboplastin time (PTT); metabolic testing (including blood urea nitrogen [BUN]); serum creatinine; fasting blood glucose; electrolytes; calcium and phosphorus; albumin, transaminase levels, and alkaline phosphatase; fasting lipid profile (total, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], and low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol; triglycerides)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Glucose tolerance test or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Urinalysis with microscopy; urine culture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Urinary protein and albumin excretion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Electrocardiogram</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Chest radiograph</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody, HIV antibody (anti-HIV) testing, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing, Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) testing, Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) testing, Syphilis testing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">99mTC-DTPA (Camera method)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Family history of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): genotyping if age &lt; 40 years and there is one or more cysts present or if age &#x02265; 40 years and more than one cyst on imaging</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">History of kidney stones or nephrolithiasis (&gt; 3 mm): 24-hour urine stone panel including calcium, oxalate, uric acid, citric acid, creatinine, and sodium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) quantitative pregnancy test in premenopausal women</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Psychosocial evaluation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Psychiatrist, psychologist, Masters-prepared social worker, or licensed clinical social worker</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Psychosocial issues: mental health issues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Living donor's history: smoking, alcohol, and drug use, abuse, and dependency</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Living donor's ability: informed decision, ability to cope with the major surgery, and related stress</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Review of the living donor's occupation, employment status, health insurance status, living arrangements, and social support</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3-kjm-95-4-260" position="float">
<label>Table 3.</label>
<caption><p>Contraindications for living kidney transplantation</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Absolute contraindications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x02003;</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Both age &lt; 18 years and mentally incapable of making an informed decision</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Uncontrolled hypertension or history of hypertension with end-organ damage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Active or incompletely treated cancer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Evidence of acute symptomatic infection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">High suspicion of donor coercion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">High suspicion of illegal financial exchange between donor and recipient</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Uncontrolled, diagnosable psychiatric conditions requiring treatment before donation (suicidality)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Possible contraindications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">ABO or HLA incompatibility without a planned management protocol and informed consent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Proteinuria and/or hematuria (&gt; 300 mg/2 h)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Impaired renal function (&lt; 60 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Any chronic, active viral infection (human T-lymphotropic virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">History of malignancy (lung, breast, renal or urological, gastrointestinal, or hematological cancers and melanoma)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Current pregnancy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Chronic illness (pulmonary, liver, autoimmune, neurological, or cardiac disease)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Nephrocalcinosis (bilateral kidney stones or recurrent nephrolithiasis)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Two apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk alleles</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Disorders requiring anticoagulation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">History of sickle cell trait</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Morbid obesity (BMI &gt; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)Family history of renal cell cancer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Active substance or alcohol abuse disorder</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Marked ambivalence to donation</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn><p>HLA, human leukocyte antigen.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</back></article>