1. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367:1747–1757, 2006.
2. Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile: a statement for health professionals. Circulation 83:356–362, 1991.
3. Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Ducimetiere P, Jousilahti P, Keil U, Njolstad I, Oganov RG, Thomsen T, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Tverdal A, Wedel H, Whincup P, Wilhelmsen L, Graham IM. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 24:987–1003, 2003.
4. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106:3143–3421, 2007.
5. Jeong E, Cho EH, Bae YJ, Kim YJ, Min WK, Koh EH, Kim MS, Park JY, Lee KU. Comparison of direct measurement of LDL cholesterol with calculation using Friedewald’s equation. Clin Diabet 8:253–260, 2007.
6. Tremblay AJ, Morrissette H, Gagné JM, Bergeron J, Gagné C, Couture P. Validation of the Friedewald formula for the determination of low-densitylipoprotein cholesterol compared with β-quantification in a large population. Clin Biochem 37:785–790, 2004.
7. Cordova CM, Schneider CR, Juttel ID, Cordova MM. Comparison of LDL-cholesterol direct measurement with the estimate using the Friedewald formula in a sample of 10,664 patients. Arq Bras Cardiol 83:476-481;482-487. 2004.
8. Lindsey CC, Graham MR, Johnston TP, Kiroff CG, Freshley A. A clinical comparison of calculated versus direct measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Pharmacotherapy 24:167–172, 2004.
9. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499–502, 1972.
10. Tighe DA, Ockene IS, Reed G, Nicolosi R. Calculated low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels frequently underestimate directly measured low density lipoprotein cholesterol determinations in patients with serum triglyceride levels<or=4.52 mmol/l: an analysis comparing the LipiDirect magnetic LDL assay with the Friedewald calculation. Clin Chim Acta 365:236–242, 2006.
11. Wang TY, Haddad M, Wang TS. Low triglyceride levels affect calculation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125:404–405, 2001.
12. Jun KR, Park HI, Chun S, Park H, Min WK. Effects of total cholesterol and triglyceride on the percentage difference between the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration measured directly and calculated using the Friedewald formula. Clin Chem Lab Med 46:371–375, 2008.
13. Scharnagl H, Nauck M, Wieland H, Marz W. The Friedewald formula underestimates LDL cholesterol at low concentrations. Clin Chem Lab Med 39:426–431, 2001.
14. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, Orazem J, Magorien RD, O’Shaughnessy C, Ganz P. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 352:29–38, 2005.
15. Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T. Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease: new perspectives based on the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 90:85–91, 1979.
16. Gordon T, Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Dawber TR. Lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease, and death: the Framingham study. Arch Intern Med 141:1128–1131, 1981.
17. Assmann G, Schulte H. Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). prospective Cardiovascular Munster study. Am J Cardiol 70:733–777, 1992.
18. Lipid Research Clinics Program H. The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trials results: II. the relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 251:365–374, 1984.
19. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 highrisk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360:7–22, 2002.
20. Cohen JD. Direct testing for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 75:831–832, 1995.
22. Wivitott SD, Cannon CP. Update on lipid-lowering therapy and LDL-cholesterol targets. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 3:424–436, 2006.
23. Karalis DG. The role of lipid-lowering therapy in preventing coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Cardiol 31:241–248, 2008.
24. Tovar JM, Bazaldua OV, Loffredo A. Diabetic dyslipidemia: a practical guide to therapy. J Fam Pract 57:377–388, 2008.
25. Rubiés-Prat J, Reverter JL, Sentí M, Pedro-Botet J, Salinas I, Lucas A, Nogués X, Sanmartí A. Calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol should not be used for management of lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 16:1081–1086, 1993.
26. Hirany S, Li D, Jialal I. A more valid measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic patients. Am J Med 102:48–53, 1997.
27. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, Gotto AM, Greten H, Kastelein JJ, Shepherd J, Wenger NK. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 352:1425–1435, 2005.
28. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 350:1495–1504, 2004.
29. Howard BV. Lipoprotein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. J Lipid Res 28:613–628, 1987.
30. Taskinen MR. Hyperlipidemia in diabetes Baillieres. Clin Endocrinol Metab 4:743–775, 1990.